首页 > 学习园地 > 英语学习

一定要知道英语语法

雕龙文库

【简介】感谢网友“雕龙文库”参与投稿,这里小编给大家分享一些,方便大家学习。

1. 形容词的位置:

代名形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词

再细分如下:

1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such)+2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any)+3序数(first, second)+4基数(one, two)+5性质、状态(kind, fine, good)+6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big)+7新旧、温度(old, new, hot)+8颜色(red, blue)+9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese)+10材料(iron, brick, stone)+11名词、动名词(boy, house)

2. some和any的用法:

(1)两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个;任何一个; 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些;有些。

〔2)一般的用法:some用于肯定句;any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。

I am looking for some matches.

Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.

〔3)特殊的用法:

(A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some.

Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)

(B) any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句。

Come any day you like.

(4)some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词, 此外两者也可做副词。

Some of them are my students.〔代名词)

Is your mother any better?(副词)

3. many和much的用法:

〔1)many修饰复数可数名词,表许多; much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。

He has many friends, but few true ones.

There hasnt been much good weather recently.

(2)many a:

many a和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。

Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)

〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of. 前有as, like时, 只用so many.

These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.

They worked like so many ants.

(4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。

He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)

I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)

(5)many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词;另外much也可用副词。

Many of them were very tired.

I dont eat much for lunch. 〔代名词)

He is much taller than I. (副词〕

4. (a) few和(a) little的用法:

(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前,(a) little用在不可数名词之前。

He took a few biscuits. (=several)

He took few biscuits(=not many)

He took a little butter. (=some)

He took little butter. (=not much)

(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味。

The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.

Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.

(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。

He has a few (=some or several) friends.

(4) a little和little之间的差别,就和a few和few的差别一样,只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。

He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.

He is not much better, but there is a little hope.

5. 其他的数量形容词:

(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。

The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(复数名词)

The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可数名词)

(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量), 修饰不可数名词。

The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)

(3) a number of 许多;一些a great (large, good) number of 许多,修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用。

A number of books are missing from the library.

The number of books from the library is large.

(the number of +复数名词单数动词)

The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(复数可数名词)

(4) enough的用法:

(A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。

There are enough chairs. (可数)

There is enough furniture. (不可数)

(B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后。

We dont have enough time. =We dont have time enough.

(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词

冠词或数词(one, two) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词

(6) the rest of 其余的, 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词。

The rest of the students are absent. (复数可数名词)

The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词)

注:the rest作代名词, 等于 the others, 和复数动词连用。

6. 不可名词量的表示语:

(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念。其公式为:

数词+单位词+of+不可数名词

(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。

(A) 物质名词:

a piece (suit) of armour;

a piece (slice) of cake;

a piece (an article) of furniture;

a piece of jewelry;

a piece (sheet) of paper;

a cake of soap;

a piece (slice) of bacon;

a piece (stick) of chalk;

a bit (blade) of grass;

a piece (strip) of land;

a bit (grain) of rice;

a bowl of soup;

(B) 抽象名词

a word of abuse;

an item (a bit) of business;

an attack of fever;

a bit (an amount) of interest;

a fit of passion;

a piece (word) of advice;

a piece of evidence;

a piece (an item) of information;

a piece (an item) of news;

(C) 自然现象:

a flash of lightening;

a bolt of thunder;

7. 名词种类的表示语:kind of, sort of, type of,

(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。

What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?

I dont like that sort of game.

(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.

I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.

(3) 比较下列用法:(加*表非正式用法)

I dont like this (*those) kind of person.

I dont like many (or these) kinds of roses.

I like this kind of flower.

I like flowers of this kind.

I like *these kind of flowers.

I like this kind of roses.

I like roses of this kind. (置名词后更强调种类)

I like roses of these kinds.(置名词后更强调种类)

8. 数词:

(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals):one, two, three

(A) 除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词。

He has one sister and three brothers.

(B) hundred的后面须加and(但可以省略)。

12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;

(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals):first, second, third

(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等,则是another的意思。

(B) 日期多用序数。

Its on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th)。

(C) 序数的简体。

9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;

(3) 分数:

(A) 分数的表示法:第一,分子用基数,分母用序数。第二,分子大于2时,分母须加s以形成复数。

1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;

(B) 分数可接与不可数名词;所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用。

A third of the peach was bad.

A third of the bananas were bad.

(4) 倍数词:常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。

(A) half a, a half, half the +名词,表(一半的)。

He ran a half mile in half an hour.

He ran half a mile in half an hour.

I have read half the book.

(B) half还可作名词,代名词及副词。

Two halves make a whole. (名词)

This is half as much again as that. (副词)

(C) 倍数常用的表达法:

(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times) +定冠词或所有形容词+名词或所有代名词

I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.

That window is three times the size of this.

9. 数词+名词结合而成的形容词:

(1) 数词+名词=形容词

a five-dollar bill;

two three-hour periods;

the Three-power Conference(三强会议);

(2) 数词+名词+形容词=形容词

a six-year-old boy;

a three-hundred-year-old tree;

注:上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式。

(3) 名词(无冠词)+基数=the +序数+名词

World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;

Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;

Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;

Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;

Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;

Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;

cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;

(这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致。〕

(4) 数词+复数名词作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词。

Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.

Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.

cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.

10. 各种数字的读法:

(1) 年号的读法:

1979nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;

(2) 电话号码;货币的读法:

1023one o two three; 1227one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);

(3) 小数点的读法:

13.91thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;

(4) 算术式的读法:

2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.

5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.

32=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.

93=3 Nine divided by three makes three.

形容词(二〕:

1. 限定用法:形容词紧靠着〔代)名词,直接修饰该〔代)名词。

(1) 前位修饰:

(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词,大多只能作限定用法,放在名词的前面。

a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.

(B) 下列这些形容词只有限定用法,没有叙述用法。

upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;

(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。

He could not do it in so short a time.

He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is)。

(2) 后位修饰:

(A) 名词之后的数词+名词+old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.

a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred miles long;

(B) 为加强语气或音调美,而将限定形容词放在后面。

He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.

(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody + 形容词。

Ill tell you something very important.

Thats nothing new.

(D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去(或现在)分词或形容词片语。

I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me)。

Alfred was a king anxious for his peoples welfare.

2. 叙述用法:形容词作补语,间接地修饰〔代)名词。

He was awake all the night. 〔主词补语)

The noise kept me awake. 〔受词补语)

注:可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词。

I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.

It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.

3. 作补语的形容词:

(1) be+形容词+介系词:由此结合而成的片语,有些等于及物动词。

I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.

He is afraid of it. = He fears it.

注:其他如:be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.

(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词,其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词。

John is interested in English grammar.

He was surprised at her behaviour.

(3) be+形容词+介系词:可接〔代)名词,动名词,或名词子句,但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词,因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。

She was not aware of the facts.

She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.

She was not aware that there is danger.

(4) It+ be +形容词+that子句

It is true that she never came.

此类形容词有:certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.

(A) that子句中的假设法。

It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. (should可省略〕

(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。

相关图文

推荐文章

网站地图:栏目 TAGS 范文 作文 文案 学科 百科