【简介】感谢网友“雕龙文库”参与投稿，这里小编给大家分享一些，方便大家学习。
很高兴又与大家相聚网上课堂，今天我们要讲的是四六级英语完形填空的测试特点和应对策略。
完形填空是考查语言知识和语篇水平的综合测试方式。要求考生具有一定的阅读理解能力，扎实的语法知识，同时对各类词法、句法、上下文逻辑关系、语义搭配以及写作技巧等还需具有较强的运用能力。选择完形填空与单句选择填空在形式上相似，但考查的内容却包括词汇、语法、阅读和写作等各方面的应用能力。
下面我们首先来分析一下完形填空与词汇语法、阅读以及写作之间的关系。
一、完形填空与其它测试手段之间的关系
1、完形填空与词汇、语法填空 大学完形填空所采用的形式与词汇语法选择填空的形式是一致的。
在测试要点上，完形填空与词汇语法选择填空也有很大相似之处，如单词的基本用法、同义词近义词辨别、常用句型、各种从句、谓语动词的时态、语态、语气、以及非谓语动词的用法等等。如：
1)When the new students are finally __80__，there may be one more step they have to take before registering for classes and getting to work.
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted 该题考查常用单词辨析。
2)__84__ these programs, the young people to get know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86___ of the library and all the other __87__ services of the college or university.
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
84题考查的是常用介词的用法;
85----87题考查的是常用单词的区别。
3) The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything __80__ the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
80. A. for B. to C. within D. in
79题考查的是定语从句引导词的运用;80题考查的是常用介词短语的搭配。
4) Take it for granted that he likes everything and he probably __70__.
70. A. should B. may C. will D. must
70题所考查的是情态动词的用法。
5) If all places __87__ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
87题所考查的是谓语动词虚拟语气的用法。
6)The secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside to towns __87__ in deep valley.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
87题所考查的既有lie与lay的区别，又有现在分词与过去分词的用法。
7)People see the sun moving ___80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary __81__ that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
81. A. since B. so C. while D. for
80题考查的是常用介词的搭配，81题考查的是时间状语从句。 完形填空中对词汇，语法的考查从以上各例可窥见一斑，其干扰项的设计与单项填空基本类似，但完形填空对上下文的依赖性更强。这就要求同学们不只是了解词汇和语法知识，同时还必须具备一定的阅读理解能力，对上下文的正确理解是完形填空的关键
2、完形填空与阅读理解
完形填空是根据对文章的理解，依据一定的语言语篇知识将句子中所缺部分补全，使句子正确，使文章通顺连贯。虽然完形填空并没有对文章的主题拟定、细节判断和事情因果推理的考查题，但同样要求考生能把握文章的主题，同样必须理解文章的细节，进行必要的推理、判断。只有在正确理解文章的基础上，才能根据意思的需要，补足缺少的部分。 下面是93年6月的一篇四级完形填空真题。因第一句通常是介绍文章的主题，为了便于考生理解全文，文章第一句没有挖空。通过首句的阅读，考生可以推测，该篇短文介绍的是与学生学习责任有关的事情，作者欲阐述的观点是：学生应该自己负责自己的学习。
Many teachers believe that the respon-sibilities for learning lie with the students .__71__ a long reading assignment is given， instructors expect students to be familiar with the __72___ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The __73___student is considered to be __74___ who is motivated to learn for the sake of __75___, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned __76__ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77___ for learning the material assigned. When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with __79__ guidance. It is the __80__ responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain __81__ a university library works; they expect students, __82__grade students, to be able tot exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but ___84___ that their students not be ___85__ dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties __86___ teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87___ the time that a professor can spend with a student out of class is __88___. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
71. A. If B. Because C. Although D. Before
72. A. suggestion B. context C. abstract D. information
73. A. poor B. ideal C. average D. disappointed
74. A. such B. one C. any D. some
75. A. fun B. work C. learning D. prize
76. A. by B. in C. for D. with
77. A. criticized B. responsible C. innocent D. dismissed
78. A. collected B. distributed C. assigned D. finished
79. A. maximum B. minimum C. possible D. practical
80. A. students B. assistants C. professors D. librarians
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
82. A. particularly B. essentially C. obviously D. rarely
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
85. A. too B. such C. much D. more
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
88. A. plentiful B. limited C. irregular D. flexible
89. A. greet B. annoy C. approach D. attach
90. A. or B. to C. and D. but
文章的所有细节都是为同一主题服务的。抓住这一主题，对文章细节的理解就不会出现偏差。
老师所期望的是具有自制力的学生，自然希望自己的学生不要太依赖自己，84答案为D，85 答案为A;当分派给学生任务时，自然希望学生能够独立完成，尽可能少地需要自己的指导，说明79题答案为B;在完成研究任务时，查阅各种材料也应该是学生的责任，80题答案为A;大学里，老师的任务很多，除了教学外还有行政、科研等任务，所以老师能给学生的时间是有限的，从这一因果关系可以判断88答案为B，因此，如果学生真地有问题就应该主动找老师或者给老师约好，89题答案为C，90题答案为A，所有这些都是围绕一个主题展开，即：学生的学习责任应由学生自己负责。 正确理解全文是做好完形填空的前提，但仅靠理解能力是不够的。完形填空最终考查的是正确表达思想的能力。也就是说，做好完形填空还需要一定的写作能力。
3、完形填空与写作
完形填空是使考生通过阅读有空缺的短文，利用自己的语言、语篇等方面的知识使短文的结构和意思恢复完整。阅读使考生获取对短文信息的了解，写作则帮助考生恢复短文结构和意思的完整性。
不同的体裁，不同的主题，其语段写作模式不同，有举例、有列举、有比较对照、有因果分析。根据语段的结构模式把握短文写作的思路，预测文章的发展，从而为解题找出依据。
写作的基本原则是：文章结构完整、内容统一、语意连贯、语言简洁，其中词语的同现、复现手段以及衔接语的使用，是文章结构得以完整、语意得以连贯、逻辑得以明了的主要手段，而完形填空中对此也有相当部分的考查。如：
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A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply---all these were important __71___ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72__ they were not enough. Something __73__ was needed to start the industrial process. That something special was men --- __74__ individuals who could invent machines, find new __75__ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who __76___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77___ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79___ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research __80___. He is not necessarily working __81__ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82__ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86___ other objectives. Most of the people who __87___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had __88__ or no training in science might not have made their inventions __89__ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years __90__.
71. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations
72. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even
73. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar
74. A. generating B. effective C. motivation D. creative
75. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. a. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
88. A. little B. much C. some D. any
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
90. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before
该篇短文讲的是在英国工业革命中起重要作用的人，是人发明了机器。有关机器发明的概念贯穿整篇文章，第一段中的 ___74__ men who could invent machines 第二段中的 the men who ___76___the machines of Industrial Revolution 和 many of them were ___78__ inventors than scientists 最后一段的Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors。这些概念的重复在文章中起着纽带的作用，把整篇文章连接起来。考试若能读出这些，答案则自明。能发明机器自然是creative, 发明也就意味着 create 、 develop 。所以这些人与其说是科学家不如说是发明家，78题答案应是C。 从文章的叙述逻辑来看，文章开端说明财富、自然资源、充足的劳动力等在促使英国成为工业革命中心的重要性，而接着介绍人的因素，并且文章的主要篇幅都是介绍的人的因素，说明72题应是转折词but，由but引出文章的主题。第二段中Many of them were more inventors than scientists预示着下文将说明发明家 与科学家的不同。按照这个脉络去阅读，考生可以很轻松地找到下一个用于连接上下文的重复手段。第二段结尾so that his findings can be used 中used 与第三段第一句中的 applied science 以及to make something that has a concrete ___83___，是前后两段有机地衔接在一起，考生可以很轻松地判断83为use。另外第三段中冒号的使用从某种程度上就已经交代了答案。通过分析后面的具体例子，考生可以判断85答案为D。 衔接的手法很多，它们是文章必不可少的纽带，同时也是完形填空常常考查的题点。掌握应有的写作技能将有助于完形填空能力的提高。
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二、 大学英语四级完形填空测试要点
从干扰项的设计来看，近几年完形填空大体有以下特点:
1. 搭配题
1) 名词与介词的搭配，如95年的answers to ;
2) 形容词和介词的搭配 be confident in ;
3) 动词与介词的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted ,98年的judge from , get to work 和 adapt to ;
4) 动词和名词的搭配，如98年的 take step ;
5) 副词与分词的搭配,如98年的well prepared 等等。
这些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平时多加注意，在考试中便可轻松应对。
2.短语
另外一类比较简单的选项为短语，这些也大都是约定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3.上下文线索
名词、动词、形容词的选择题中，大多情况下是四个选项没有任何联系，语义差别也比较大，选择时需根据上下文进行语意方面的判断，多数情况下，上下文中有同现和复现现象，考生应注意利用这些提示。
三、 完形填空解题技巧
注意词汇知识的运用
完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主，如形容词、动词、副词等。其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系。这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手，根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择。
1. 注意动词自身的结构功能
对动词来说，一般从两点设干扰项，一是动词的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语;二是上下文的语义要求。有相当部分选择题考生只从结构上就可做出正确的判断。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根据动词的句法功能可以判断答案为B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根据四个选项的句法功能可以排除A，B两个选项。从常识来看，大学招生时的面试是一项要求，而非一项命令，所以答案为D。
2. 注意分析动词所包含的肯定/否定含义与上下文的关系
在做动词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能之外，还应注意其语义特点，比如，有的单词含有肯定含义，有的却有否定的含义。考生可借助这一特点，分析具体的上下文。如：
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Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
