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语法专题十三 代词
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
考点一 替代词it；one；that；those；ones
1．it特指上文所提到的同一个物，它所代替的名词常由the，this，that等修饰。
one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个，不特指，相当于a/an＋单数名词；ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词；the one特指前面的可数名词单数，有时用that来代替（尤其是后面有后置定语时）；the ones特指上文提到的复数名词，有时可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定语的情况下。
that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词单数/不可数名词”；that 的复数形式为those，替代可数名词复数，可指人也可指物。
Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldn't find it.So I had to buy one.昨天我把钢笔弄丢了，并且我没有找到它，因此我不得不买一支。
Mr Li gave me many valuable presents，ones（many presents）that I had never seen.
李先生给了我许多珍贵的礼物，这些是我从来没见过的。
The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的那些好。
2．that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的，主要区别在于：that既可代替可数名词单数，也可代替不可数名词，常有后置定语，一般不指人，复数形式为those；one只能代替可数名词单数，复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时，只能用one，不用that。当of短语作可数名词单数的后置定语时，用that，不用one。
The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.
最好的香烟是来自云南的那些。
The boy told me his story and that of the old man next door.
这个男孩儿告诉了我他的故事，还有他隔壁老人的故事。
Your coat is blue，and my new one is red.
你的上衣是蓝色的，我的新上衣是红色的。
考点二 it 的用法
1．指代作用。代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物（单数可数名词或不可数名词）或整个句子；可以代指环境、情形等也可代指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。
Although we cannot see it，there is air all around us.
It is said that he has gone to Beijing，but it isn't true.
I can't stand it any longer.
It doesn't matter.
It's getting colder and colder now.
2．形式作用。用作形式主语和形式宾语，而把真正的作主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或从句放在后面。
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.
你必须让他们弄清楚形势严峻。
注意：
常用it作形式宾语的谓语动词有appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make（按时到达，成功）等，后接由if或when等引导的从句时，往往在从句前加形式宾语it。
I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.
如果你能付现金，我将不胜感激。
The boy likes it when you do that.
这个男孩儿喜欢你那样做。
3．强调作用
it可以用在强调句型中，使句子的某一成分得到强调。强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋所强调的成分＋that/who＋其他成分。
It was on the street that I met Tom.
我就是在街上看到汤姆的。
考点三 all，both，either，neither，each，none的用法比较
1．both（两者都），either（两者中的任何一个），neither（两者都不）。以上这些词使用范围为两者。
Neither of the two boys is clever.
2．both与复数名词连用，either与单数名词连用。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3．all（所有的，全部的人或物），any（任何一个），none（都不）。 以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
All the students in my class like our teachers.
4．all和both与not 连用表示部分否定；none以及not...any表示全部否定。
All the students don't like rock music.
并不是所有的学生都喜欢摇滚音乐。
5．each可指两者，也可指两者以上。
They each have a car.
考点四 no，none，nothing，nobody的用法比较
1．no不能单独使用，相当于not a或not any，作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。
He has no worry about safety.
2．none既可以指人，也可以指物，侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物，可与介词of连用，用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句。
—How many people are there in the room?
—None.
3．nobody指人，用于回答who引导的疑问句；nothing指物，用于回答what引导的疑问句。
—What are you doing?
—Nothing.
考点五 another，other，the other，others的用法比较
1．another既可以单独使用，也可以用于单数名词前，泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another＋数词＋复数名词”中，表示”再，又”。
You have to wait for another three weeks.
你必须等另外的三周。
2．other 可用作形容词，意思为“别的，其他的”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。
You can ask other people to help you.
你可以让其他人来帮助你。
3．the other指两个人或物中的一个，不能用another，此时other作代词使用。
The old man has two sons.One is a teacher；the other is a doctor.
4．the other 后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词，不接不可数名词。此时other 作为形容词。
On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree.
He is taller than the other students in his class.
5．others 是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个”“其他的”。others不能作定语，表示复数意义，相当于“other＋复数名词”；the others相当于“the other＋复数名词”，指剩下的全部。
Some of them are singing；others are dancing.
Two students in our class failed，but all the others passed the exam.
考点六 部分否定与全部否定
all，both，everyone，everybody，everything以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定。
none，no one，nobody，nothing，neither，not any 以及no＋名词均表示全部否定；
但当not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时，表示部分否定，不管not的位置在其前还是其后。
Such a person can't be found everywhere.
这种人并非随处可见。None of them smoke.
他们都不吸烟。
考点七 与复合不定代词构成的习惯搭配
nothing but 只不过
anything but绝不
or something……之类的人（东西、情况等）
something of 有点儿……；在某种程度上是
or anything 或是其他别的事
nothing to do with 和……没关系
for nothing免费；白白地；白费；无缘无故地
He is anything but a doctor.他绝不是一名医生。
He's something of a liar.
他有点儿在说谎。
They will repair the building for the old man for nothing.
他们将会为这位老人免费维修楼房。
1．（2024·课标全国高考）Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but______of them wants to，because they have work to do.
A．either B．any
C．neither
D．none
2．（2024·全国高考Ⅱ）Sarah made ______ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
A．herself
B．this
C．that
D．it
3．（2024·上海高考）When he took his gloves off，I noticed that ______ one had his name written inside.
A．each
B．every
C．other
D．another
4．（2024·重庆高考）—John，when shall we meet again，Thursday or Friday?
— ______.I'll be off to London then.
A．Either
B．Neither
C．Both
D．None
5．（2024·福建高考）—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4,000，or ______ like that.
A．anything
B．everything
C．something
D．nothing
6．（2024·江苏高考）Sophia waited for a reply，but ______ came.
A．either
B．anotherC．neither
D．none
7．（2024·江西高考）My brother would like to buy a good watch but ______ was available from that shop.
A．nothing
B．none
C．no one
D．neither
8．（2024·辽宁高考）If you're buying today's paper from the stand，could you get______ for me?
A．one
B．such
C．this
D．that
9．（2024·山东高考）When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or ______.
A．whoever
B．wherever
C．whatever
D．however
10．（2024·陕西高考）No matter where he is，he makes ______ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A．him
B．this
C．that
D．it
11．（2024·浙江高考）Studying Wendy's menu，I found that many of the items are similar to ______ of McDonald's .
A．those
B．ones
C．any
D．all
12．（2024·四川高考）New technologies have made______possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
A．that
B．this
C．one
D．it
13．（2011·全国高考Ⅱ）I got this bicycle for ______：My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
A．everything
B．something
C．anything
D．nothing
14．（2011·北京高考）The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase ______.
A．them
B．those
C．it
D．that
15．（2011·上海高考）To stay awake，he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.
A．the other
B．other
C．the others
D．another
16．（2011·山东高考）The two girls are so alike that strangers find ______ difficult to tell one from the other.
A．it
B．them
C．her
D．that
17．（2011·湖南高考）I knew that ______ would ever discourage him；he would never give up wanting to be a director.
A．something
B．anything
C．everything
D．nothing
18．（2011·安徽高考）Surprisingly，Susan's beautiful hair reached below her knees and made______ almost an overcoat for her.
A．them
B．her
C．itself
D．herself
19．（2011·福建高考）We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose ______ based on your own interests.
A．either
B．each
C．one
D．it
20．（2011·四川高考）There is ______ in his words.We should have a try.
A．something
B．anything
C．nothing
D．everything
21．（2011·辽宁高考）—Would you like tea or coffee?
—______，thank you.I've just had some water.
A．Either
B．Both
C．Any
D．Neither
22．（2011·天津高考）We feel ______ our duty to make our country a better place.
A．it
B．this
C．that
D．one
23．（2011·陕西高考）—Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen，dear?
—______ one?
A．Other
B．Every
C．Another
D．More
24．（2011·重庆高考）—Silly me！I forget what my luggage looks like.
—What do you think of ______ over there?
A．the one
B．this
C．it
D．that
25．（2024·山西第二次四校联考）—Which book do you think is the most useful to my studies?
—______，as long as you read it.
A．Either
B．Neither
C．Any
D．None
26．（2024·安徽皖南八校第二次联考）Singing with Sun Yang，the swimming champion ，face to face is an unforgettable moment，______the little girl always treasures.
A．one
B．this
C．that
D．it
27．（2024·河南中原名校联考）—Haven't seen you for ages？______ all right?—Quite good.I've already finished my study in Australia，and will go back and work in a big company.
A．Something
B．Everything
C．Anything
D．Nothing
28．（2024·浙江名校联盟第一次联考）—What do you think of that housewife?
—She is ______ of a good housekeeper，for the children's room is always a terrible mess.
A．nobody
B．somebodyC．nothing
D．something
29．Could you tell me where you bought your beautiful handbag？I want to buy______ too.
A．one
B．that
C．this
D．it
30．Knowledge from real life isn't easier to forget than ______ achieved from textbooks.
A．it
B．that
C．one
