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第三讲介词与介词短语
单句语法填空
1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.
2．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.
3．(2024·广东高考语法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
4．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)I got a place next to the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
5．(2024·广东高考语法填空)I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
6．(2024·辽宁高考语法填空)Don't laugh at me. I may look funny.
一、介词
1．表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near
介词 用法 示例
at 一般指在较小的地方 I met him at the shop.
in 一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内 They arrived in Beijing yesterday.
Shandong Province lies in the east of China.
on 一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域 The picture is hanging on the wall.
Vietnam is on the south of China.
to 表示某范围外不接壤的两位置 Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.
beside
/by “在……的旁边” She was standing beside her mother.
There is a small house by the river.
near “接近；靠近” There is a supermarket near my home.
2．表示方位的between和among
介词 用法 示例
between 在两者或每两者之间 I sat down between Sue and Jane.
among 在三者或三者以上之间 The teacher was standing among the students.
3．表示方位的across, through, over和past
介词 用法 示例
across 从……的表面穿过 He walked across the square to meet us.
through 从……的内部穿过 The guide led us through the forest.
over 从……的上面跨过 The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.
past 从……的旁边经过 She walked past the shop.
4．表示时间点的at, in和on
介词 用法 示例
at 表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日 at 9：00; at noon; at daybreak; at Christmas
in 表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚 in the 21st century; in September; in the morning
on 表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上 on 2nd, September; on the morning of 1st, May
5．表示时间段的for和since
介词 用法 示例
for “for＋时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语 He has lived in the small village for five years.
I studied in Peking University for 4 years.
since “since＋时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语 He has worked in this company since graduation.
Tom has been doing his homework since 7 o'clock.
6．表示交通方式的by, in和on
介词 用法 示例
by “by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词 My brother usually goes to school by bike.
in/on in/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰 My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle.
7．表示“用……”的by, in和with
介词 用法 示例
by 指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词 He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young.
in 多用于表示语言、材料的名词前 All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink.
with 多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前 They are busy digging with spades.
8．表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides
介词 用法 示例
except 表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除 All my friends took part in the party except John.
except for 其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的 His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
besides 表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的 He has learned German, French besides English.
9．其他常考介词的用法
(1)against的用法
含义 示例
(表示态度)反对 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
(表示对比)以……为背景 The skier's red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.
(表示方位)倚靠着…… The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded.
(2)beyond的用法
含义 示例
(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处 The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.
(表示时间)晚于…… He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.
(表示程度)超出，非……所能及 To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me.
(3)over的用法
含义 示例
(表示方位)越过 The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.
(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过 He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages.
(表示时间或过程)在……期间 I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks.
(4)to的用法
含义 示例
(表示方向、距离)到，向，去 It was on the way to the railway station.
(表示时间)直到……为止，到 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.
(表示比较、比例、参照)与……相比，相对于……而言 I prefer oranges to apples.
(表示对象关系)属于，对，给 The hospital is attached to the university.
达到(某一点或某个限度) Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.
(5)under的用法
含义 示例
在……下面，在……之下 She placed the ladder under the window.
在……过程中 The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.
(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在……以下 These toys are not suitable for children under five.
受……影响 She's been under a lot of pressure at work.
(6)with的用法
含义 示例
和……一起，和，同，跟 Would you like to go shopping with me？
(表示同时或同一方向)随着 With time going by, the little tree has grown up.
具有，带有 The dictionary is what I want, but I don't have enough money with me.
由于，因为 He trembled with fear.
(表示方式)用 He cut it with a knife.
二、介词短语
介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。
①While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the
villagers without asking for anything in return.(2024·浙江高考单选)
当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。
②On behalf of everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.(2024·辽宁高考单选)
我代表在场的所有人祝你归国旅途愉快。
[知识积累]介词的常用搭配一览
1．介词与名词的常用搭配
(1)at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平中
at war 在战争中
at work 在工作
(2)其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of
在……的开始
at the cost of
以……的代价
at the risk of
冒……的危险
at the mercy of
在……支配下；任由……摆布
(3)on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on duty/guard 在值班/站岗
(4)其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
(5)by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然
by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然
by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工
by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算
by nature 天生地
(6)in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款
in width 在宽度上
in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地
in size 在大小上
in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上
in English 用英语
(7)其他以in开头的介词短语
in need of 需要in no case 决不
in no time立刻
in no way 决不
in place of 代替
in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外
in charge of 掌管……
in response to作为回应
in return 作为回报
in spite of 尽管
in exchange for 作为交换
in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假如
in celebration of 为庆祝……
in control of 管理；控制；操纵
in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念……
in support of 为支持……
in the charge of 在……的管理下
in the direction of 在……方向
in the face of 面对……
(8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的
of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的
of value 有价值的
(9)out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡
out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 不受控制
out of date 过期
out of debt 不欠债
out of order 出故障
out of shape 走样，不成形
out of sight 看不到
out of the question 不可能
out of work 失业
(10)under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击
under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下
under treatment 在治疗中
under control 处于控制之中
under construction 在建造中
(11)with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地
with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地
with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
(12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比
beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt不用怀疑，确实地
beyond expression/words难以表达
2．介词与形容词的常用搭配
(1)be＋adj.＋about
be anxious about
忧虑……
be curious about
对……好奇
be particular about
对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about
对……担心
(2)be＋adj.＋at
be angry at因……生气
be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊
be present at出席
be disappointed at对……失望
(3)be＋adj.＋in
be absorbed in专注于……
be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着……
be engaged in 忙于……
be rich in富含……
be occupied in忙于……
be interested in对……感兴趣
be involved in包括在……中，被卷入
(4)be＋adj.＋for
be eager for渴望……
be famous for以……著名
be fit for适合，胜任……
be hungry for渴望……
be ready for准备好……
be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be thankful for因……而感激
be anxious for急切盼望，渴望……
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be＋adj.＋from
be absent from 缺席
be different from 不同于
be far from 远离
be free from 不受……影响
(6)be＋adj.＋to
be close to接近……
be contrary to与……相反
be devoted to致力于……
be equal to等于……
be familiar to 对……来说熟悉
be friendly to 对……友好
be good to对……有好处
be grateful to对……心存感激
be harmful to对……有危害
be kind to对……友好
be opposed to反对……
be similar to与……相似
be/get used to (变得)习惯于……
(7)be＋adj.＋of
be aware of意识到……
be fond of喜欢……
be full of充满……
be proud of因……而自豪
be short of缺乏……
be tired of厌烦……
be ashamed of为……感到羞耻
(8)be＋adj.＋with
be busy with忙于……
be filled with充满
be combined with与……结合
be content with对……满意
be covered with被……覆盖
be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心
