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3年高考2年模拟1年原创精品系列
专题17
完形填空之议论文、说明文类
【2024年高考命题预测】
纵观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国18套卷中的完形填空中，议论文、说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，议论文、说明文类完形填空也要进行少量的练习。
【考点定位】2024考纲解读和近几年考点分布
说明文完形填空
说明文完形填空考查考生通篇把握全文，根据上下文的逻辑关系，综合运用所学语言基础知识,进行分析﹑推理﹑判断的能力和语篇分析理解能力。检测考生在阅读理解的基础上对英语语言知识综合运用的能力。
说明文是以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来说明情况、阐明事理的一种文体。它通过介绍情况、说明事物的特征，给人以正确思想或科学知识。
说明文完形填空一般的结构模式是：提出问题－发现直接原因－分析深层原因－得出结论或找到出路。考查学生对语言材料的理解能力、分析判断能力和逻辑思维能力。说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。考生容易摸清文章线索，抓住主题。
议论型完形填空
分析近几年的高考试卷，我们不难看出高考完形填空的体裁以记叙文为主，但也有个别省市考查了议论文。
议论文是一种通过剖析事物或论述事理来提出主张或发表见解的文体。议论文分为两种，一种是夹叙夹议型，另一种是纯议论型。夹叙夹议型完形填空的基本模式是：作者首先叙述一件事，然后就此提出自己的见解或由此事引出一个深刻的社会问题。纯议论型完形填空的基本模式是：提出论点，列举论据，提出看法。
议论型完形填空有以下特点：
1、首句制胜，论点明确
议论型完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段提出论点，然后在各段的首句提出分论点。
2、结构清晰，脉络有序
议论文的三要素为论点、论据和论证。论点和论据形成一体，相互印证。有时作者为了使文章脉络清楚，行文流畅，会使用一些连接词，如：on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally speaking, worse still, on the other hand, in conclusion, as a consequence等。
3、按一定的方法论证
议论型完形填空中的论点都是按一定的方法来论证的。常用的论证方法有：归纳法（分析个别事物，进而推断出这类事物的共同点，得出结论）；推理法（从原理出发，个别分析说明，得出结论）；对照法（正反对照，先分析说明，后得出结论）；驳论法 （阐述错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点）。
二、议论型完形填空的应试技巧
1、叙议有机结合
对于夹叙夹议型的完形填空要把叙和议有机地结合起来。有的考生没有注意到这一点，他们只顾选某一部分的答案，而没有注意到事件与论点之间的关系。
2 、遵循狠抓首句原则
对于议论型完形填空，在掌握全文主旨的情况下抓住每段的首句是做好试题的关键。一项调查表明，英语中60%到90%的议论文的主旨句都是段落的首句。抓住了每段的首句，再理解文章就容易多了。
3、 理清文章的论点、论据和结论
议论型完形填空与记叙型完形填空相比，稍微难了一些。一般来说，记叙文是按时间的先后顺序进行描述的，我们只要把握事件发生和发展的过程，就能将文章脉络把握好。然而议论型完形填空就不那么简单了，如果我们不清楚文章的论点、论据和结论，就只能莽撞地答题了，其结果可想而知。所以理清文章的论点、论据和结论是做好议论型完形填空的关键。
【考点pk】
名师考点透析
英语完形填空在考查语法、表达法、词语搭配的基础上重点考查对语篇同容的整体理解、前后的逻辑关系的把握。经反复研究完形填空原题后，我们发现主要有以下考点：
考点1. 考查语法规则
考查考生语法知识的运用能力。近年来完形填空中单纯考查语法知识的题一般不考，只是偶尔有个别考题。例如：
“Can I? I don’t think I can,” Tracy said with a laugh. “But l do have ______ when things come to me for no reason.”
A. events
B. chances
C. feelings
D. moments
【解析】由后面的when引导的定语从句可知，前面的先行词应是表时间的词，所以先moments。
考点2. 考查固定搭配
考查考生对常见的英语固定短语和习惯用法的掌握情况。如动词与名词的搭配；动词与介词或副词的搭配；介词与名词的搭配等。这类搭配在完形填空中时有出现。如：
I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk with them ______ the telephone.
A. with
B. by
C. from
D. on
【解析】表示“通过电话”交谈，说 on the telephone 或 by telephone，这是习惯搭配。
考点3. 考查词语辨析
考查考生在特定语境中区别近义词的能力。四个选项词性相同，意义相近，要求我们在特定的语境中区分它们之间的细微差别。一般说来，其中的两个选项容易排除，难辨的是两个。如：
Although I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten his ______ qualities. First of all…
A. basic
B. special
C. common
D. particular
【解析】根据句意很容易排除A和C；难辨是的B和D。special强调“与众不同的”，而particular指“值得注意的”，故选B。
考点4. 考查行文逻辑
考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解，如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、增补关系、比较关系、对比关系等。四个选项都是表示文章的起承转合、上下连贯等逻辑关系的词语。如：
Once he ______ sang a song in class in order to make a point clear.
A. also
B. nearly
C. even
D. only
【解析】从上下文看为了使教学有趣易懂，这位哲学教授不仅仅会借助oil paintings, music, and guest lectures等方式，“甚至”(even)在课堂上唱歌也就顺理成章了。递进关系。
考点5. 考查经验常识
考查考生在日常的学习和生活中所积累的经验和基本常识，以及一些基本的科学常识。如：
But we run so much that, afterwards, we had trouble ______.
A. speaking
B. moving
C. sleeping
D. breathing
【解析】跑得太多，其结果当然是上气不接下气，即呼吸困难了，我们一般都会有这样的生活经历。
考点6.考查文章结构
考查考生对文章脉络层次的把握能力。如：
First of all: I respected his devotion to teaching... : I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside die the classroom or talk.. .Finally, I was attracted by his lively sense of humor.
A. Later B. Secondly C. However
D. Therefore
【解析】本文的写作结构很清楚。开篇点题一难忘的哲学教授；诸条陈述----何以难忘：前有First of all提起，后有Finally落脚，那么中间只有用Secondly来过渡了。
考点7. 考查逻辑推理
考查考生根据文意和所掌握的知识经验进行简单的逻辑推理来确定选项的能力。如：
He was reading my words out loud to the class…the whole class was laughing with open-hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show ______, but what I was feeling was pure happiness…
A. shock
B. wonder
C. worry
D. pleasure
【解析】一个学生的作品被老师选中且在班上宣读时该会是怎样的心情?我们不难判断：愉快！
考点8. 考查前后语境
考查考生根据上下文提供的信息进行分析及推理的能力。完形填空题中绝大多数属这种题型。有的根据上文、有的根据下文、有的要上下文结合，甚至通篇看完并理解才能作出正确的选择。如：
“As a matter of fact, I’ve got someone in the office at this very moment who might ______.” She wrote down a number, and held it out to me, saying: “Ring up this lady. She wants a cook immediately. In fact, you would have to start tomorrow by cooking a dinner for ten people.”
A. hire
B. accept
C. suit
D. offer
【解析】根据下文，这个妇女告诉他第二天可以去上班了，可见，她认为作者是适合(suit)的。
【三年高考】
14、15、16高考试题及其解析
1.【2024·上海】Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively
51
work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the
52
, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,
53
, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from
54
without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of
55
people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to
56
to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general
57
. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional
58
managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without
59
managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:
60
the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be
61
with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has
62
been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to
63
that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or
64
management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the
65
of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire
B. seek
C. lose
D. dislike
52. A. contrary
B. expectation
C. degree
D. extreme
53. A. vice versa
B. for example
C. however
D. otherwise
54. A. outside
B. inside
C. below
D. above
55. A. replacing
B. assessing
C. managing
D. encouraging
56. A. refer
B. contribute
C. object
D. apply
57. A. agreement
B. practice
C. election
D. impression
58. A. bossy
B. experienced
C. western
D. male
59. A. asking
B. training
C. warning
D. firing
60. A. doubling
B. maintaining
C. reducing
D. estimating
61. A. honored
B. left
C. crowded
D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally
C. inadequately
D. occasionally
63. A. deny
B. admit
C. assume
D. ensure
64. A. virtual
B. ineffective
C. day-to-day
D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion
B. risk
C. performance
D. attractiveness
2024年高考试题
1.【2024·广东】完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
