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TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3below.
Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europes forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them. European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europes forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.
As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a green lung for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.
The myth of the natural forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining primary forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained.
That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a trees needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the genetic material of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conferences main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.
Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.
28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.
29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.
30 The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.
31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.
32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.
33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.
Questions 34-39
Look at the following statements issued by the conference.
Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?
Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions .
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.
A All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.
B Fragile mountain forests should be given priority in research programs.
C The surviving natural forests of Europe do not need priority treatment.
D Research is to be better co-ordinated throughout Europe.
E Information on forest fires should be collected and shared.
F Loss of leaves from trees should be more extensively and carefully monitored.
G Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.
H Skiing should be encouraged in thinly populated areas.
I Soil imbalances such as acidification should be treated with compounds of nitrogen and sulphur.
J Information is to be systematically gathered on any decline in the condition of forests.
34 Resolution 1
35 Resolution 2
36 Resolution 3
37 Resolution 4
38 Resolution 5
39 Resolution 6
Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
40 What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?
A The biological, economic and recreational role of forests
B Plans to protect the forests of Europe
C The priority of European research into ecosystems
D Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management
Answers
27 NOT GIVEN 28 FALSE 29 TRUE 30 FALSE 31 FALSE 32 FALSE 33 TRUE
34 J 35 A 36 E 37 B 38 G 39 D 40 B
解析
篇章结构
体裁 说明文
主题 欧洲森林保护问题
结构
第一段：欧洲森林遭到严重破坏。
第二段：欧洲森林的三大功能。
第三段：制定保护欧洲森林的政策迫在眉睫。
第四段：保护森林的六项决议。
必背词汇
第一段
element n. 成分，要素 awareness n. 认识，了解，知道 heritage n. 遗产，继承物
imbalance n. 不平衡，失调 decline n. 衰退，跌落 threaten vt. 威胁
decade n. 十年 frontier n. 边界，边境 geography n. 地理
undertake v. 从事;保证 deterioration n. 恶化，退化 initial adj. 开始的，最初的
mismanagement n. 管理不善 joint adj. 联合的，共同的 co-ordinate v. 协调，等同
confine v. 限制 ministerial adj. 部长的，内阁的，执政的 geographical adj. 地理的
destruction n. 破坏，毁灭 border v. 毗邻 combat v. 奋斗，争斗
the Mediterranean 地中海 extension n. 延长，扩充 Nordic adj. 北欧的
ecosystem n. 生态系统 discard v. 丢弃，抛弃 preparatory adj. 预备的，准备的，初步的
第二段
triple adj. 三倍的 raw adj. 生的 recreational adj. 娱乐的
constantly adv. 不断地 lung n. 肺 renewed adj. 更新的
photosynthesis n. 光合作用 condemn v. 责备 oxygen n. 氧，氧气
urban adj. 城市的 transformation n. 转化，转变 unrivalled adj. 无与伦比的
solar adj. 太阳的 unwind v. 展开 fulfil v. 实现，满足 dawn n. 破晓
immense adj. 巨大的，广大的 fuel n. 燃料
第三段
myth n. 神话 scale n. 规模 primary adj. 初期的
declaration n. 宣言 artificial adj. 人造的 ecologically adv. 从生态学的观点看
adapt v. 使适应 coherent adj. 互相偶合的 exploit v. 开发，利用，开拓
continuity n. 连续性 vital adj. 至关重要的，生死攸关的 unforeseen adj. 无法预料的
transcend v. 超越 ensure v. 确定，保证 generation n. 代，一代
potential n. 潜力，潜能 inevitable adj. 不可避免的 maintain v. 维持
第四段
accomplish v. 完成 cumulative adj. 累积的 resolution n. 决议
atmospheric adj. 大气的 assist v. 协助 pollutant n. 污染物
propose v. 提议 principal adj. 主要的 extension n. 延长，扩充
culprit n. 犯人，罪犯 systematization n. 组织化 compound n. 混合物
surveillance n. 监视，监督 nitrogen n. 氮 monitor v. 监视，监督
sulphur dioxide 氧化硫 proportion n. 比例 accentuate v. 强调
needle n. 针叶 climatic adj. 气候上的 drought n. 干旱
significant adj. 显著的，重要的 hard winter 严寒的冬天 preferential adj. 先取的，优先的
acidification n. 酸化 relaunch v. 重新发布 concentrate v. 集中，专心
physiology n. 生理学 preserve v. 保护，保持 biochemical adj. 生物化学的
genetic adj. 基因的，遗传的 scholarship n. 奖学金 diversity n. 多样性
financial adj. 金融的，财政的 reverse v. 颠倒，逆转 doctoral these 博士论文
establishment n. 确立，制定 framework n. 结构，框架 databank n. 数据库
harmonise v. 使融合 preventative adj. 预防性的 identify v. 识别，鉴定
minister n. 部长，大臣 priority n. 优先权 undoubtedly adv. 无疑
motivation n. 动机，动力 ecosystem n. 生态系统 participant n. 参加者，参与者
at risk 处境危险 represent v. 代表 scatter v. 散开，散布，散播
commit v. 委托，承诺 permanent adj. 永久的，持久的 on-going adj. 持续的
skiing n. 滑雪 representative n. 代表
试题解析
Questions 27-33
题目类型：True / False / Not Given
题目解析：
27. Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.
参考译文 地中海国家的森林问题将在下一次专家会议中讨论。 定位词 Mediterranean countries 解题关键字 be discussed at the next meeting 文中对应点 第一段未： ..., such as counties bordering Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this dose not mean that in future they will be ignored. 此题通过定位词可以迅速定位到第一段最后两句话，其含义为地中海国家在日后不一定被忽略;而题干则为在下次会议中会讨论，显然为文中未提及内容。故此题答案为NOT GIVEN。
28. Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.
参考译文 北欧国家的问题未被考虑是因为它们不属于欧洲经济共同体。 定位词 Nordic countries 解题关键字 because 文中对应点 第一段末： Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as counties bordering Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. 此题定位点与第一题相同。 考生可能单纯依据European Economic Community在文中未出现而错误地判断答案为NOT GIVEN; 其实该题考查因果关系，由定位句中的因果关系词therefore推出解题句为定位句的前一句：Nordic countries不被考虑是因为会议要决定哪些森林问题涉及的国家最多并且能够成为联合行动的主题，这与题干中的原因不同，而考查因果关系时要求文章与题目精确对应，故此题答案为FALSE。
29. Forests are a renewable source of raw material.
参考译文 森林是可再生原材料的来源。 定位词 raw material 解题关键字 renewable source 文中对应点 第二段： ..., forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. 此题的定位词在文中以原词出现，按照顺序原则可以迅速定位。 文中定位处含义为：通过其不断再生的木材，森林给人类活动提供了原材料。文章与题目含义一致。故此题答案为TRUE。
30. The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.
参考译文 森林的生物学功能在20世纪才被认可。 定位词 biological functions, recognised 解题关键字 only in twentieth century 文中对应点 第二段： The economic importance of forests has been...The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries... 此题先通过biological functions定位于第二段首句，其中提到森林的三种功能为biological, economic和recreational;然后由recognised精确定位到解题句，其中提到除了economic之外的两方面都已经被认可了几个世纪，而题目却认为其仅仅是在20世纪才被认可的。题目明显与文章相悖，故此题答案为FALSE。
31. Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.
参考译文 原始森林仍存在于欧洲的一些地方。 定位词 natural forests 解题关键字 still exist 文中对应点 第三段： All European forests are artificial, ... 此题通过定位词可定位于第三段首句，通过扫读得出解题句，其含义为：欧洲所有的森林都是人工种植的。很显然题目与文章内容刚好相反，故此题答案为FALSE。
32. Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.
参考译文 森林政策必须受到国家界限的限制。 定位词 forest policy, national boundaries 解题关键字 limited 文中对应点 第三段： This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and... 此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句的含义为：森林政策至关重要，它必须超越国家的界限。显然题目与文章内容相反，故此题答案为FALSE。
