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高考英语语法讲义

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【简介】感谢网友“雕龙文库”参与投稿,这里小编给大家分享一些,方便大家学习。

 一.非谓语动词

  一.不定式:

  一)不定式的常考形式:

  1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

  被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

   语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生

  2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me.

  被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

   语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前

   二)不定式常考的考点:

  1)不定式做定语----将要发生

  2)不定式做状语----目的

  3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

   三)不定式的省略

   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

  + do  表示动作的完整性,真实性;

  + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性

   I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

   昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)

   I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

   昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调我见他正干活这个动作)

   感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

   2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

  I d like to have John do it.

  I have my package weighed.

  Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.

   3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

  四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:

  want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

  force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

  be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

   We agreed _______ here,but so far she hasnt turned up yet.(NMET

   1995)

  A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met (Key:C)

  五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

  accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

  三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。

  He needs (a lot of) encouraging.

   二. 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词

  1)是名词 seeing is believing

  2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.

  一)动名词的形式:

  一般形式:I dont like you smoking.

  完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice.

  被动形式:This question is far from being settled.

  二) 动名词常考的点

  1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

  2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

  3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

  I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.(MET 1992)

   A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.youre calling(Key:C your calling 也对)

  I regret not having taken your advice.

  4)有些词后只能接动名词

  admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...

   另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法:

  its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; there theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point...

  5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

  remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。

  I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)

  I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)

  forgot与remember的用法类似。

  I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你

  I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。

  try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.

  try -ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.

  I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我去。

  To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

  prefer的用法:

  我宁愿在这里等。

  I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。)

  I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。)

  I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)

   -The light in the office is still on.

   -Oh,I forgot _______ .(MET 1991)

   A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off(Key:C)

   -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

   -Well,now I regret _______ that.(NMET 1995)

   A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done(Key:D)

  3 分词:

  现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

  现在分词的形式:

  1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生)

  2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)

  3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

  过去分词

  1) 过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared.

  2)过去分词的进行形式:Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)

  这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系--主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

 

   11.bacteria n. 细菌

   12.breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔

   13.budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排

   14.candidate n. 候选人

   15.campus n. 校园

   16.liberal a. 慷慨的;丰富的;自由的

   17.transform v. 转变,变革;变换

   18.transmit v. 传播,播送;传递

   19.transplant v. 移植

   20.transport vt. 运输 n. 运输,运输工具

   21.shift v. 转移;转动;转变

   22.vary v. 变化,改变;使多样化

   23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见

   24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子

   25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心

   26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的

   27.mild a. 温暖的,暖和的;温柔的,味淡的

   28.tender a. 温柔的;脆弱的

   29.nuisance n. 妨害,讨厌(的人或事物)

  30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的

  31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进

   32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的;完全的

   33.boundary n. 分界线,边界

   34.brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住(车)

   35.catalog n. 目录(册) v. 编目

   36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的

   37.vain n. 徒劳,白费

   38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的

  39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,

  40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的 n. 极端,过分

   41.agent n. 代理人,代理商;动因,原因

   42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精

   43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求

   44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏

   45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准

   46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励

   47.acquire vt. 取得,获得;学到

   48.accomplish vt .完成,到达;实行

   49.network n. 网状物;电视网;网络

   50.tide n. 潮汐;潮流

   51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的

   52.trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹

   53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨

   54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛

   55.wax n. 蜡

   56.weave v. 织,编

   57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持

   61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待;谩骂

   62. academic a. 学术的;;研究院的

   63. academy n. (高等)专科院校;学会

   64. battery n. 电池(组)

   65. barrier n. 障碍;棚栏

   66. cargo n. (船、飞机等装载的)货物

   67. career n. 生涯,职业

   68. vessel n. 船舶;容器,器皿;血管

   69. vertical a. 垂直的

   70. oblige v. 迫使,责成;使感激

   71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊

   72. extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度

   73. exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的

   74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的

   75. petrol n. 汽油

   76. petroleum n. 石油

   77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁

   78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽

   79. decent a. 像样的,体面的

   80. route n. 路;路线;航线

   81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟

   82. sake n. 缘故,理由

   83. satellite n. 卫星

   84. scale n. 大小,规模;等级;刻度

   85. temple n. 庙宇

   86. tedious a. 乏味道,单调的,

   87. tend vi.易于,趋向

   88. tendency n.趋向,趋势

   89. ultimate a. 最大的,最终的 n. 极端

   90. undergo v. 经历,遭受

   91. abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的

   92. adopt v. 收养;采用;采纳

   93. adapt vi. 适应,改编,改写 vt. 使适应

   94. bachelor n. 学士,学士学位;单身汉

   95. casual a. 偶然的,;临时的;非正式的

   96. trap n. 陷阱,圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉

   97. vacant a. 空的,未占用的

   98. vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器

   99. oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的

   100. optics n. (单、复数同形)光学

   101. organ n. 器官,风琴

   102. excess n. 过分,过量,过剩

   103. expel v. 驱逐,开除,赶出

   104. expend v. 消费

   105. expenditure n. 支出,消费;经费

   106. expense n. 开销,费用

   107. expensive a. 花钱多的;价格高贵的

   108. expand v. 扩大,扩张;展开,膨胀

   109. expansion n. 扩大,扩充;发展,膨胀

   110. private a. 私人的,个人的

   111. individual a. 个别的,单独的 n. 个人,个体

   112. personal a. 个人的,私人的;亲自的

   114. personnel [总称]人员员工人事部门

   115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋

   116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋

   117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋

   118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋

   119. grant vt. 授予,同意,准予

   119. grand a. 宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的

   120. invade v. 侵入,侵略,侵袭

   121. acid n. 酸,酸性物质 a. 酸的;尖刻的

   122. acknowledge v. 承认;致谢

   123. balcony n. 阳台

   124. calculate vt. 计算,核算

   125. calendar n. 日历,月历

   126. optimistic a. 乐观

   127. optional a. 可以任选的,非强制的

   128. outstanding a. 杰出的,突出的,显著的

   129. export n. 出口(物) v. 出口,输出

   130. import n. 进口(物) v. 进口,输入

   131. impose vt. 把...加强(on);采用,利用

   132. religion n. 宗教,宗教信仰

   133. religious a. 宗教的

   134. victim n. 牺牲品,受害者

   135. video n. 电视,视频 a. 电视的,录像的

  136. videotape n. 录像磁带

   v. 把...录在录像带上

   137. offend v. 冒犯,触犯

   138. bother v. 打搅,麻烦

   139. interfere v. 干涉,干扰,妨碍

   140. internal a. 内部的,国内的

   141. beforehand ad. 预先,事先

   142. racial a. 人种的种族的

   143. radiation n. 放射物,辐射

   144. radical a.根本的;激进的

  145. range n. 幅度,范围

  v. (在某范围内)变动

  146. wonder n. 惊奇,奇迹

  v. 想知道,对...感到疑惑

   147. isolate vt. 使隔离,使孤立

  148. issue n. 问题,争论点;

  发行,(报刊)一期

   149. hollow a. 空的,中空的,空虚道

   150. hook n. 钩 vt. 钩住

   151. adequate a. 适当地;足够

   152. adhere vi. 粘附,附着;遵守,坚持

   153. ban vt. 取缔,禁止

   154. capture vt. 俘虏,捕获

   155. valid a. 有效的,有根据的;正当的

   156. valley n. 山谷,峡谷

  157. consistent a. 坚固定 一致的

   158. continuous a. 继续的,连续(不断)

   159. continual a. 不断地,频繁的

   160. explode v. 爆炸;爆发;激增

   161. exploit v. 剥削;利用,开采

   162. explore v. 勘探

   163. explosion n. 爆炸;爆发;激增

   164. explosive a. 爆炸的;极易引起争论的

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