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高中英语语法-对称原则中的省略现象

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  对称原则中的省略现象

    The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_____it more difficult.

    A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make

    在解这道题之前,我们先来探讨以下三个问题:

    一、对称原则及其在高考试题中的应用

    并列连词and.or,but,while等连接的前后两个部分有某种对称性,或曰前后的词形要一致。

    比如说前面是动词,后面也要是动词;前面是过去式,后面也要是过去式;前面是主动语态,后面也要用主动语态,如此等等。掌握这种对称原则,对解单项填空和短文改错有很大用处。下面举数例高考试题佐证。

    例1:My brother ______while he ______his bicycle and hurt himself.(MET89)

    A.fell,was riding B.fell were riding

    C.had fallen,rode D.had fallen,was riding

    [分析]答案A.根据对称原则,and连接的并列谓语时态要一致,后面hurt是过去式,前面也应用过去式fell.while从句表示fell动作发生的时间是在骑自行车时,应用过去进行时。

    例2:On saturday afternoon,Mr Green went to the market,_____some bananas and

    visited her cousin.(MET91)

    A.bought B.buying C.to buy D.buy

    [分析]答案A.此题是含and连接的三个并列谓语,第一,三个动词用了过去式(went,visited),第二个必然要用过去式。

    例3:Playing football not only makes up grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.(NMET98)

    [分析] not only but also 在这里连接并列谓语,根据对称原则,前面用的是一般现在时单数第三人称形式makes,后面一个应是一般现在时单数第三人称,故这行give应改为gives.

    例4:They eager to know everything about 93.______China and asked me lots of questions.(NMET96)

    [分析]在这道改错题中这句话的主语是they,and连接的并列谓语第二个是过去式asked,根据对称原则,第一个也应是过去式。但eager是形容词,前面须加be的过去形式were.

    二、对称原则中的省略现象

    两个(或更多)作用相同的词,词组并列使用,后面一个为了避免重复而将与前面一个相同的情态动词,助动词、不定式前面的to和名词前面的冠词等省略。高考试题中并列结构第二个省略某些词语现象时有出现。又如:

    例5:The police found that the house______and a lot of things ______.(MET91)

    A.has broken into,has been stolen  B.had broken into,had been stolen

    C.has been broken into,stolen  D.had been broken into,stolen

    [分析]答案D.主句谓语动词found后有两个并列的宾语从句,因为其主语the house和a lot of things是物,谓语动词应用过去完成时被动语态。为避免重复第二省略了相同的助动词had been.

    例6:The car was quite old but in excellent condition.

    这部车子相当旧,但机器性能还非常好。

    [分析]but后省略了相同的连系动词were.

    例7:The noun is the name of a person or thing.名词是人或物的名称。

    [分析]thing前省略了相同的冠词a.

    例8:It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.(NMET96)89._____.

    [分析]此题it是形式主语,and连接两个不定式to meet me 和to drive me 是真正的主语。为避免重复第二个不定式要省略to,所以drove要改成drive.

    三、具有对比意义时,第二个不定式不省略to

    To be or not to be that is the question.是生是死,就是问题所在。

    I came not to scold,but to praise you.我来不是骂你,而是夸你的。

    To try anf fail is better than not to try at all.尝试失败总比不尝试好。

    两个不定式相距较远,即使中间没有对比关系,为避免意思上的含混,后面不定式to也不省略。如:

    We are to take the train to Hancow and after that to travel up the Changjiang River by ship.我们将坐火车到汉口,然后再坐船沿长江往上行。

    现在回到本文开头的那道高考题,它含有用逗号分开的两个不定式短语,to make life easier 和not tomake it more difficulet,句中并列作连系动词be(is)的表语,因为有强烈的对比意义,不定式符号to不省略,所以B为其正确答案。

    搜狐教育社区

  对称原则中的省略现象

    The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_____it more difficult.

    A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make

    在解这道题之前,我们先来探讨以下三个问题:

    一、对称原则及其在高考试题中的应用

    并列连词and.or,but,while等连接的前后两个部分有某种对称性,或曰前后的词形要一致。

    比如说前面是动词,后面也要是动词;前面是过去式,后面也要是过去式;前面是主动语态,后面也要用主动语态,如此等等。掌握这种对称原则,对解单项填空和短文改错有很大用处。下面举数例高考试题佐证。

    例1:My brother ______while he ______his bicycle and hurt himself.(MET89)

    A.fell,was riding B.fell were riding

    C.had fallen,rode D.had fallen,was riding

    [分析]答案A.根据对称原则,and连接的并列谓语时态要一致,后面hurt是过去式,前面也应用过去式fell.while从句表示fell动作发生的时间是在骑自行车时,应用过去进行时。

    例2:On saturday afternoon,Mr Green went to the market,_____some bananas and

    visited her cousin.(MET91)

    A.bought B.buying C.to buy D.buy

    [分析]答案A.此题是含and连接的三个并列谓语,第一,三个动词用了过去式(went,visited),第二个必然要用过去式。

    例3:Playing football not only makes up grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.(NMET98)

    [分析] not only but also 在这里连接并列谓语,根据对称原则,前面用的是一般现在时单数第三人称形式makes,后面一个应是一般现在时单数第三人称,故这行give应改为gives.

    例4:They eager to know everything about 93.______China and asked me lots of questions.(NMET96)

    [分析]在这道改错题中这句话的主语是they,and连接的并列谓语第二个是过去式asked,根据对称原则,第一个也应是过去式。但eager是形容词,前面须加be的过去形式were.

    二、对称原则中的省略现象

    两个(或更多)作用相同的词,词组并列使用,后面一个为了避免重复而将与前面一个相同的情态动词,助动词、不定式前面的to和名词前面的冠词等省略。高考试题中并列结构第二个省略某些词语现象时有出现。又如:

    例5:The police found that the house______and a lot of things ______.(MET91)

    A.has broken into,has been stolen  B.had broken into,had been stolen

    C.has been broken into,stolen  D.had been broken into,stolen

    [分析]答案D.主句谓语动词found后有两个并列的宾语从句,因为其主语the house和a lot of things是物,谓语动词应用过去完成时被动语态。为避免重复第二省略了相同的助动词had been.

    例6:The car was quite old but in excellent condition.

    这部车子相当旧,但机器性能还非常好。

    [分析]but后省略了相同的连系动词were.

    例7:The noun is the name of a person or thing.名词是人或物的名称。

    [分析]thing前省略了相同的冠词a.

    例8:It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.(NMET96)89._____.

    [分析]此题it是形式主语,and连接两个不定式to meet me 和to drive me 是真正的主语。为避免重复第二个不定式要省略to,所以drove要改成drive.

    三、具有对比意义时,第二个不定式不省略to

    To be or not to be that is the question.是生是死,就是问题所在。

    I came not to scold,but to praise you.我来不是骂你,而是夸你的。

    To try anf fail is better than not to try at all.尝试失败总比不尝试好。

    两个不定式相距较远,即使中间没有对比关系,为避免意思上的含混,后面不定式to也不省略。如:

    We are to take the train to Hancow and after that to travel up the Changjiang River by ship.我们将坐火车到汉口,然后再坐船沿长江往上行。

    现在回到本文开头的那道高考题,它含有用逗号分开的两个不定式短语,to make life easier 和not tomake it more difficulet,句中并列作连系动词be(is)的表语,因为有强烈的对比意义,不定式符号to不省略,所以B为其正确答案。

    搜狐教育社区

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