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牛津实用英语语法:226 if,even if,whether,unless,but for,

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  A even if(=even though即便)

  请比较下面两个例句:

  You must go tomorrow if you are ready.

  如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。

  You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready.

  哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。

  B whetheror(=ifor是否)

  You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.

  无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。

  C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)

  Unless you start at once youll be late.相当于:

  If you dont start at once youll be late.

  除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。

  Unless you had a permit you couldnt get a job.相当于:

  If you hadnt a permit you couldnt get a job.

  除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。

  注意下面两个例句间的区别:

  (a) Dont call me if you need help.

  如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。

  (b) Dont call me unless you need help.

  除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。

  在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。

  unless+hed/youd like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldnt like等:

  Ill ask Tom,unless youd prefer me to ask/unless youd rather I asked Bill.

  我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。

  D but for(=if it were not for/if it hadnt been for不然)

  My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldnt be here.

  我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。

  The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.

  汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。

  E otherwise(=if this doesnt happen/didnt happen/hadnt happened否则)

  We must be back before midnight; otherwise well be locked out.

  我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:

  If we are not back by midnight well be locked out.

  如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。

  Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldnt be here.

  她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:

  If her father didnt pay her fees she wouldnt be here.

  要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。

  I used my calculator; otherwise Id have taken longer.

  我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:

  If I hadnt used my calculator Id have taken longer.

  要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。

  F 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:

  We must be early or(else) we wont get a seat.

  我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。

  G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:

  You can camp here provided you leave no mess.

  你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。

  H suppose/supposing?(=what if?假如)

  Suppose the plane is late?相当于:

  What if/What will happen if the plane is late?

  假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况?

  Suppose no one had been there?相当于:

  What if no one had been there?

  假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样?

  suppose也可以引出建议:

  Suppose you ask him?/Why dont you ask him?

  假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢?

  

  A even if(=even though即便)

  请比较下面两个例句:

  You must go tomorrow if you are ready.

  如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。

  You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready.

  哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。

  B whetheror(=ifor是否)

  You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.

  无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。

  C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)

  Unless you start at once youll be late.相当于:

  If you dont start at once youll be late.

  除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。

  Unless you had a permit you couldnt get a job.相当于:

  If you hadnt a permit you couldnt get a job.

  除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。

  注意下面两个例句间的区别:

  (a) Dont call me if you need help.

  如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。

  (b) Dont call me unless you need help.

  除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。

  在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。

  unless+hed/youd like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldnt like等:

  Ill ask Tom,unless youd prefer me to ask/unless youd rather I asked Bill.

  我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。

  D but for(=if it were not for/if it hadnt been for不然)

  My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldnt be here.

  我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。

  The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.

  汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。

  E otherwise(=if this doesnt happen/didnt happen/hadnt happened否则)

  We must be back before midnight; otherwise well be locked out.

  我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:

  If we are not back by midnight well be locked out.

  如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。

  Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldnt be here.

  她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:

  If her father didnt pay her fees she wouldnt be here.

  要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。

  I used my calculator; otherwise Id have taken longer.

  我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:

  If I hadnt used my calculator Id have taken longer.

  要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。

  F 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:

  We must be early or(else) we wont get a seat.

  我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。

  G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:

  You can camp here provided you leave no mess.

  你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。

  H suppose/supposing?(=what if?假如)

  Suppose the plane is late?相当于:

  What if/What will happen if the plane is late?

  假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况?

  Suppose no one had been there?相当于:

  What if no one had been there?

  假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样?

  suppose也可以引出建议:

  Suppose you ask him?/Why dont you ask him?

  假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢?

  

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