【简介】感谢网友“60526”参与投稿,这里小编给大家分享一些,方便大家学习。
在当下这个社会中,报告的使用成为日常生活的常态,报告具有成文事后性的特点。那么报告应该怎么制定才合适呢?下面是小编为大家整理的报告范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
机械生产实习报告篇一
作为一个工科院校,生产实习是我们高材专业知识结构中不可缺少的组成部分,并作为一个独立的项目列入专业教学计划中的。其目的在于通过实习使学生获得基本生产的感性知识,理论联系实际,扩大知识面;同时专业实习又是锻炼和培养学生业务能力及素质的重要渠道,培养当代大学生具有吃苦耐劳的精神,也是学生接触社会、了解产业状况、了解国情的一个重要途径,逐步实现由学生到社会的转变,培养我们初步担任技术工作的能力、初步了化工工艺的基本方法和技能。
在实习的过程中,通过对工厂的了解,与工人、技术人员交谈,得以对所学专业在国民经济中所占的地位与作用的认识有所加深,培养事业心,使命感和务实精神,为适应从学生到工作者做准备。
同时通过这次实习使我们得到一次综合能力的训练和培养。在整个实习过程中,充分发挥学生学习的主动性、积极性,在生产现场细心观察,虚心请教,积极思考,多方了解,大胆提出自己的想法,在有限的实习时间里使各方面的能力都得到锻炼。
这些实际知识,对我们学习后面的课程乃至以后的工作,都是十分必要的基础。
(1)掌握化工生产工段的主要工艺流程、生产原理、工艺组织原则及控制方法;
(2)掌握主要化工设备的工作原理、结构特点和操作特点;
(3)了解化工生产中的主要单元操作过程及其原理;
(4)了解化工产品生产的主要过程和产品生产的基础知识;
(5)了解工厂的技术改造、革新和新工艺在生产中的使用情况;
(6)培养运用基础知识和专业基础知识去解决实际生产问题的能力。
(一)、实习地点:xxx厂
大学生活就这样不知不觉就将结束,离开学校实习的时间虽然很短,在这期间确实经历了不少,让自己不断的行动,不断的学习与成长,使自己的吃苦耐劳的能力得到磨练。
xxx厂建于1970年,位于云南省蒙自县新安所镇,隶属云南农垦集团有限责任公司(云南省农垦总局)。是以设计、生产、销售各式热硫化布面胶鞋为主的国有中型企业。目前有胶鞋成型生产线10条,单班年生产能力1500万双,主要产品有“石林”牌运动鞋、劳动用鞋、休闲鞋、轻便鞋、童鞋及“生力”牌解放鞋七大系列,共70多个品种,400余种规格。产品销往云南、贵州、四川、广东、广西、湖南、山东等国内10多个省市,部份产品通过转口贸易至越南、老挝、缅甸、泰国等周边国家。企业通过30多年的建设发展,拥有雄厚的技术力量,丰富的管理经验,先进的检测设备,较强的经济实力和发展后劲。是云南省胶鞋行业生产规模最大、发展最快、产品市场占有率最高的胶鞋生产企业,企业各项经济指标居全国同行业前10位,居云南省第一位。企业在自我发展的进程中始终坚持以市场消费需求为导向,以树品牌、创名牌为重点,不断开发新产品,适应市场的变化。
实习的第一天,厂领导带我们一起举行了一次精彩的会议。此次会议主要介绍了南湖橡胶厂的大体概括和最近几年的发展状况,向我们介绍了他们的各自的人生经历、实习期间应注意的安全事项等。除此之外还给我们提了毕业后怎样对待自己的人生、面对社会、如何在社会中取得自己的立足之地,还有讲述我们应该怎样面对人生观、爱情观、事业观。让我们听了真是受益匪浅,每个人都听得津津有味,从中也体会到了许多东西,自己在心里也做了一个理想的打算。
由于我们是实习生,本身对企业的经营方式,运作方式等都很陌生,所以企业只是安排我们去里面帮助员工打杂,进一步了解有关制鞋的的生产流程。第一天我们初步在厂领导的带领下,对该厂有一个大致了解,我们组被分在第三车间,在三车间的半天虽然很累,如每天上鞋帮要上数千个,但是在那里工作确实很开心。因为我的要求不高,工作中只要每天过的很开心就好。这和车间工作人员和气氛是分不开的,师傅们教我们如何快速上鞋帮,还和我们聊天,最后做了朋友。不要小看它是件很简单的事,但是细心是必须的,否则你的辛苦将全功尽弃。因为你错误导致这个鞋底的不美观,甚至浪费了厂里的资源。这一点让我知道了不管做什么事都要负起一定的责任。
虽然都是些任何人都可以做的简单的小事情,但是不能因为它是小事情,而三心二意的对待它。有一天因为我们不是很注意,上鞋帮时没有留意,而导致返工事情的发生,还有一次由于前一晚上玩的太晚,没有休息好,就是由于心不在焉的,导致出错了,而导致返工。通过以上例子可以说明我们不能小看一些很细微的东西,你越是忽视越容易出错。所以我们要向成功,必须要从小事做起,在我们每个人看来,这样的事情对我们来说没有多大的意义,其实我们错了,这是我们走入社会必须具备的素质。
我们在工作中他们都对我很好,处处都包容我,好多都不懂的地方他们都主动帮助我,提醒我,有时候也有不愉快的时候,但是我们还能保持很好的同事关系。所以我要真心的感谢你们对我的照顾和指导,让我得到了新的体会,从中学到了许多做人的道理、如何和陌生人进行交流等。
实习的最后一天,厂领导在会议室对我们实习期间做了详细的讲述,并得到了好的好评,并给我们详细的讲述了生产鞋的全部生产流程、相关的材料,除此还有现在企业需要的三大方面:优秀的技术人才、营销人员、管理人员。这三个方面是企业的能以快速的发展必须具备的的方面。
(一)、 原辅材料仓库管理
1、每日原辅材料进出库须做好材料帐及库存帐,并用微机管理;
2、进料和发料须专人管理,以免出错;
3、进料时须有质检人员在场,检验品质是否正确,颜色是否正确。
(二)、生产流程
制备一双完整的鞋的生产流程:包括鞋底、鞋帮、鞋底与鞋帮用胶浆粘合等三部分。每一部分有分许多工序,就拿鞋底的制备,要根据要求是生产成本最低,还有要保证质量问题,这就要求各个配方要要做许多试验,看是否达到预期的质量效果。
(三)、 调配中心管理
1、调配中心依据订单情况,将裁切好的部件排列整齐,等待加工;
2、已裁切好的部件如需印刷、削皮、贴内里、烫印等,均由调配中心负责;
3、加工好的材料交付给中仓备料组,由中仓备料组发料至针车车间加工。
4、裁切好的部件如中底板、鞋垫等,如果不需要特别车缝加工的,可在完成必要处理后送半成品仓库
5、在调配中心,待所有部件完成后,一定要将鞋面所有部件质量及统计数字妥善整理,准备交付给针车车间;
(四)、 针车车间管理
1、针车车间的车帮及做帮的工艺流程和员工配置,依据鞋面设计的不同而变化,一般一条针车流水线;
2、车缝时必须注意车线边距,针距是否控制良好,与要求的标准是否相符;
3、车缝时必须注意鞋面部件上各记号点的正确性,如车缝时未按正确的记号,鞋面完成后将会不正,造成夹帮困难,影响成品鞋的品质。
4、针车车间必须配备小剪刀等工具,鞋厂要自行采购
5、做好的鞋帮必须经过质管部检验,再依每张订单所需鞋号适当整理后送半成品库,由半成品库再发给夹帮成型车间。
6、教导操作人员定时保养机台,以免机台故障率高,影响品质及产量
(五)、 鞋底车间管理
1、成型制作
2、橡胶组合大制作
(六)、 半成品仓库管理
1、半成品仓库是鞋类生产过程中面部及底部工艺流程的中转站
2、半成品仓库管理应根据生产顺序表所排定的时间,适时给针车车间催促,同时对夹帮成型车间的发料又给予控制;
3、在帮面、鞋底发料给夹帮成型车间前,半成品仓库管理人员必须特别注意按工艺流程表,先做好品质管理及数量统计工作
4、每张订单须备齐帮面、中底、大底、鞋垫、内盒、外箱、纸标等各种材料,方可发料给夹帮成型车间
5、应按所订楦头数量决定每日生产回转数,成型车间则照表领取生产
6、全厂进度表的排定
7、每日填报生产动态表
(七)、 夹帮成型车间管理
1、夹帮工序包括前帮、中帮及后帮三部分
2、鞋弓的穿法及长度应符合标准自分段
3、夹前帮时必须特别注意鞋面部分与楦头对准,不可歪斜,同时注意先固定好后跟标准高度。
4、夹中帮时要注意两腰鞋面是否真正拉紧,其紧张度要适中平均。
5、夹后帮时要注意后跟高度是否依照标准,若每只鞋后跟高度都有符合楦头后跟标准记号,则成品鞋不至于发生左右脚鞋高不一致现象。后帮完成后要将中底钉取下以利脱楦,避免穿鞋时伤脚。
6、夹帮工序应设品质检验员,对夹帮不良鞋面给予手工调整补救。
(八)、 擦胶及贴底成型
1、注意划线板的准确性;
2、粗磨须按划线后的弧度将皮革表面的漆料除去。
3、大底部的贴合面须用药水处理
4、加温应在100℃±5℃左右
5、贴底前,鞋面及鞋底须注意刷胶水的正确性及均匀度,不可污染鞋面及鞋底;
6、鞋面贴合鞋底时,员工须注意贴底不可歪斜,有边沿的鞋尽量使用气袋式或三维块式压紧机压底
7、压底时,作业人员应注意到压底机的使用正确性,同时注意对压着时间、压力的控制
8、压底完成后:加硫鞋:须收集鞋子置于加硫罐内进行加硫定型;冷粘鞋:须置鞋子于冷冻箱内,进行冷冻定型。
9、压底后鞋子在楦头上未完全冷却定型前最好不要拔除楦头,以免鞋子会变形。
(九)、 整理及包装
1、拔除楦头后,鞋子须经过内外初步整理清洁;
2、需要喷光整理的,要正确调配喷光剂,喷光要均匀并能突出重点;
3、放入鞋垫,并正确胶牢;
4、上鞋带
5、最后清洁整理,装入鞋头填塞纸;
6、最后品质检查
7、装入鞋盒或塑料袋
8、装箱
对于我来说实习生活,虽然实习的时间短暂,但是感触是很深的,提高的方面也很多,但最主要的是工作能力的进步和社交能力的提高,自身内心走向成熟。毕业实习主要的目的就是提高我们应届毕业生社会工作的能力,如何学以致用,给我们一次将自己在大学期间所学习的各种书面以及实际的知识,实际操作、演练的机会。自走进广方制鞋有限公司我慢慢的开始改变了自己,本着踏实肯干,虚心好学、工作认真负责的态度去积极的对待我的每一天,用最大的激情去做好每一项工作。
实习收获主要有四个方面。一是通过直接参与企业的运作过程,学到了实践知识,同时进一步加深了对理论知识的理解,使理论与实践知识都有所提高,圆满地完成了实习任务。二是提高了实际工作能力,为就业和将来的工作取得了一些宝贵的'实践经验。三是在实习单位受到了一定的认可并促成就业。四是为毕业后的正式工作作好了准备。
通过实习,我对我国胶鞋的鞋业有了大致的了解,虽然没有学到有关专业的相关知识,但是是自己的忍耐力得到了磨练,也准备在实习结束后,借回校的机会,抓紧时间,学习更多相关的理论知识,提高自己的专业水平,为正式工作做好准备思想上的转变,我本次实习还有的收获是通过自己的观察和与同事的交谈思想有一个很大的进步,人生的价值观有所改观,尤其是叫我们在毕业后如何面对的三大问题,真是让我们受益匪浅。
其实社会并不可怕,只不过是人们口中的一个传说而已,但是当我真正的走进了社会后才了解到它并非一个传说而是一个事实,因为我参与的是一个很大的集体,里面有很多你从来没有听过,见到的,最主要的是那是你的工作,它由你来处理,这时就是一个人面对事情的时候,承担着相关的责任。还有就是细节对于一个人说真的很重要,不管做什么事的时候要注意很小的事,当把小事做好后才能达到大事的效果。最后一点是我们不管做什么事的时候应该养成一个好的习惯那就是要认真做好每件事情,在预测下一步要做什么,这样才能井然有序,才可以达到一种事半功倍的效果,才能走向成功。
机械生产实习报告篇二
生产实习是我们机械专业学习的一个重要环节,是将课堂上学到的理论知识与实际相结合的一个很好的机会,对强化我们所学到的知识和检测所学知识的掌握程度有很好的帮助。为期10天的生产实习,我们去了南通市正鑫机床厂,在正鑫机床厂实习当中,我们学到了许多课本上没有的知识,真的是受益匪浅。
(一) 实习目的
1:通过在南通市正鑫机床厂生产实习,深入生产第一线进行观察和调查研究,获取必要的感性知识和使自己全面地了解机正鑫机床厂的生产组织形式以及生产过程,了解和掌握本专业基础的生产实际知识,巩固和加深已学过的理论知识,并为后续专业课的教学,课程设计,毕业设计打下坚实的基础。
2:在实习期间,通过对典型零件机械加工工艺的分析,以及零件加工过程中所用的机床,夹具、量具等工艺装备,把理论知识和实践相结合起来,让我们的考察,分析和解决问题的工作能力得到有效的提高。
3:通过实习,广泛接触工人和听工人技术人员的专题报告,学习他们的好的增产经验,技术革新和成果,实践中的经验,学习他们在机械行中的无私贡献精神。
4:通过参观南通市正鑫机床厂,掌握一台机床从毛坯到产品的整个生产过程,组织管理,设备选择和车间布置等方面的知识,扩大知识面,开阔了视野。
5:通过记实习日记,写实习报告,锻炼与培养我们的观察,分析问题以及搜集和整理技术资料等方面的能力。
(二) 生产实习的要求
为了达到上述实习目的,生产实习的内容和要求有:
1:机械零件的加工
根据实习工厂的产品,选定几种典型零件作为实习对象,通过对典型零件机械加工工艺的学习,掌握各类机器零件加工工艺的特点,了解工艺在工厂中所用的机床,刀具,夹具的工作原理和机构以及定位方式,在此基础上指定其中几个典型的零件进行重点的分析研究,要求如下:
(1):阅读和查阅典型零件的零件图及其加工图,了解该零件在机床中的功用及工作条件,零件的结构特点及要求,分析此零件的加工工序、工艺。
(2):大致了解毛坯的制造工艺过程,找出铸(锻)件、型材的分型(模)面。
(3):深入了解零件的制造工艺过程以及零件的制造前所需要的哪些处理,找出现场加工工艺情况;
(4):对主要零件加工工序、工艺做进一步的分析,并做好工序卡片、工艺卡片。
2:装配工艺
(1):了解机械的装配组织形式和装配工艺方法和装配工艺所需要注意的精度、平行度、垂直度的要求。
(2):了解个中装配方法中的优、缺点,如何避免缺点;及装配方法使用类型、要求。
(3):了解典型装配工具在装配方法中的工作原理,结构特点和使用方法。
3:基本知识;铣削加工的特点、应用范围。
(1) 所实习摇臂万能铣床的基本结构、加工范围。
(2) 摇臂万能铣床中铣刀的种类、结构、应用及安装。
(3) 摇臂万能铣床常用附件的工作原理、加工方法与应用。
(4) 摇臂万能铣床工件的安装及定位方式。
(5) 平面、沟槽导轨面的铣削方法,尺寸以及一些重要精度的检验,铣削用量的选择。
(三)生产实习的时间安排
(1):第一周了解车间及工件大体情况
(2):第一周分析万能摇臂铣床六大件的加工工艺
(四)生产实习的内容
1. 摇臂万能铣床的主要特点是可以转任何一个角度,所应用的场合一般是单件小批量生产;
2. 摇臂万能铣床的六大件分别是悬梁、转盘、床身、工作台、床鞍、升降台;该铣床的导轨分为移置导轨和滑动导轨两种导轨,其中滑动导轨需要淬火处理,一般较长的导轨需要淬火;
3. 摇臂万能铣床在铣齿轮时需要装分度头,装刀时刀具与主轴锥面紧密结合,这样使不易变形;同时铣床的锥度有7:24不能自锁,而莫氏锥度能自锁.
4. 牛头刨床加工效率低,应加工窄长面工件,万能磨床可以磨轴类外圆柱、孔、和锥面;以及加工其他东西;
4. 工作台面加工需要注意:平行度,平面度,精度等;工作台面表面需要进行淬火处理;在安装时需要用百分表进行精度调整而且精度的调整要与国家标准来对照;
5. 床鞍轴承上、下两半圆在镗床上安装好以后再进行加工;
6. 升降台之间设计迷宫形油槽的作用是为了让润滑油不易益处,使工作台面能够有效地润滑;
7. 万能摇臂铣床x轴方向丝杆动,螺母不动;y轴方向丝杆不动,螺母动;z轴方向丝杆动,螺母不动;当丝杆不动螺母不动时就是卡死现象;
8. 铣床与刨床加工工件的不同特点:铣床用于加工较大的面(如底面),加工效率较高;而刨床加工t形槽和窄长面(如导轨面);
9.粗磨与精磨得基准是统一的,定位时与百分表接触,如果机床本身精度有问题需要人工进行精度的调整;
10.夹紧与孔的大小,接触面的面积大小,水平面是否水平有着密切的联系;
机械生产实习报告篇三
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机械生产实习报告篇四
根据学校安排我于xxxx年xx月xx日到武汉第xx建筑公司武汉xxx项目部进行建筑施工实习,这是一个让我了解施工现场的好机会,让我更深一步的了解理论与实际的差别。
一:工程简介
本工程是武汉市xxxx国企投资公司开发的公寓楼,承建单位是武汉第xxx建筑公司,分别是五号和六号楼,及高尔夫球健身楼,地基由xxx第四桩基公司承建。由北京xxxx设计院设计。采用框架剪力墙结构,柱子为异性柱。面积为1300xxxx米,由3栋楼组成的商住楼,现浇钢筋混泥土六层框剪结构。
二实习内容
1:木工
1)模板的种类及制作方法;
2)各种结构模板安装的质量标准;
3)现浇结构模板安装的质量标准;
4)现浇结构模板拆除的时间和顺序;
5)模板拆除的注意事项;
6)模板的清理,堆放和维修的方法及要求;
2:钢筋工
1)钢筋的种类及外形特征;
2)钢筋的焊接方法及质量要求;
3)钢筋冷加工的方法及工艺;
4)钢筋的绑扎的方法及质量要求;
5)钢筋绑扎的搭接长度要求;
6)各种构件保护层厚度的控制方法;
7)掌握隐蔽工程记录方法及主要内容;
3:混泥土工
1)搅拌机的种类,规格,拌和的原理;
2)震动器的种类,适用范围;
3)施工配合比的换算及标志牌的内容;
4)施工缝的留设及其处理方法;
5)混泥土的养护方法及要求;
6)混泥土表面缺陷产生原因及预防处理方法;
7)混泥土工程的质量检查内容;
三收获与体会
首先说实习对我来说是个既熟悉又陌生的字眼,因为我十几年的学生生涯也经历过很多的实习,但这次却又是那么的与众不同。他将全面检验我各
方面的能力:学习、生活、心理、身体、思想等等。就像是一块试金石,检验我能否将所学理论知识用到实践中去。关系到我将来能否顺利的立足于这个充满挑战的社会,也是我建立信心的关键所在,所以,我对它的投入也是百分之百的!紧张的一个月的实习生活结束了,在这一个多月里我还是有不少的收获。实习结束后有必要好好总结一下。首先,通过一个多月的实习,通过实践,使我学到了很多实践知识。所谓实践是检验真理的唯一标准,通过旁站,使我近距离的观察了整个房屋的建造过程,学到了很多很适用的具体的施工知识,这些知识往往是我在学校很少接触,很少注意的,但又是十分重要基础的知识。
比如说混泥土的裂缝原因及处里这是一个很复杂的问题,那我就说说我的见解吧:
1 裂缝的原因
混凝土中产生裂缝有多种原因,主要是温度和湿度的变化,混凝土的脆性和不均匀性,以及结构不合理,原材料不合格(如碱骨料反应),模板变形,基础不均匀沉降等。混凝土硬化期间水泥放出大量水化热,内部温度不断上升,在表面引起拉应力。
后期在降温过程中,由于受到基础或老混凝上的约束,又会在混凝土内部出现拉应力。气温的降低也会在混凝土表面引起很大的拉应力。当这些拉应力超出混凝土的抗裂能力时,即会出现裂缝。许多混凝土的内部湿度变化很小或变化较慢,但表面湿度可能变化较大或发生剧烈变化。如养护不周、时干时湿,表面干缩形变受到内部混凝土的约束,也往往导致裂缝。混凝土是一种脆性材料,抗拉强度是抗压强度的1/10左右,短期加荷时的极限拉伸变形只有(0.6~1.0)×104, 长期加荷时的极限位伸变形也只有(1.2~2.0)×104。由于原材料不均匀,水灰比不稳定,及运输和浇筑过程中的离析现象,在同一块混凝土中其抗拉强度又是不均匀的,存在着许多抗拉能力很低,易于出现裂缝的薄弱部位。在钢筋混凝土中,拉应力主要是由钢筋承担,混凝土只是承受压应力。在素混凝土内或钢筋混凝上的边缘部位如果结构内出现了拉应力,则须依靠混凝土自身承担。一般设计中均要求不出现拉应力或者只出现很小的拉应力。但是在施工中混凝土由最高温度冷却到运转时期的稳定温度,往往在混凝土内部引起相当大的拉应力。有时温度应力可超过其它外荷载所引起的应力,因此掌握温度应力的变化规律对于进行合理的结构设计和施工极为重要。
2 温度应力的分析
根据温度应力的形成过程可分为以下三个阶段:
(1)早期:自浇筑混凝土开始至水泥放热基本结束,一般约30天。这个阶段的两个特征,一是水泥放出大量的水化热,二是混凝上弹性模量的急剧变化。由于弹性模量的变化,这一时期在混凝土内形成残余应力。
(2)中期:自水泥放热作用基本结束时起至混凝土冷却到稳定温度时止,这个时期中,温度应力主要是由于混凝土的冷却及外界气温变化所引起,这些应力与早期形成的残余应力相叠加,在此期间混凝上的弹性模量变化不大。
(3)晚期:混凝土完全冷却以后的运转时期。温度应力主要是外界气温变化所引起,这些应力与前两种的残余应力相迭加。
根据温度应力引起的原因可分为两类:
(1)自生应力:边界上没有任何约束或完全静止的结构,如果内部温度是非线性分布的,由于结构本身互相约束而出现的温度应力。例如,桥梁墩身,结构尺寸相对较大,混凝土冷却时表面温度低,内部温度高,在表面出现拉应力,在中间出现压应力。
(2)约束应力:结构的全部或部分边界受到外界的约束,不能自由变形而引起的应力。如箱梁顶板混凝土和护栏混凝土。
这两种温度应力往往和混凝土的干缩所引起的应力共同作用。
要想根据已知的温度准确分析出温度应力的分布、大小是一项比较复杂的工作。
在大多数情况下,需要依靠模型试验或数值计算。混凝土的徐变使温度应力有相当大的松驰,计算温度应力时,必须考虑徐变的影响,具体计算这里就不再细述。
3 温度的控制和防止裂缝的措施
为了防止裂缝,减轻温度应力可以从控制温度和改善约束条件两个方面着手。
控制温度的措施如下:
(1)采用改善骨料级配,用干硬性混凝土,掺混合料,加引气剂或塑化剂等措施以减少混凝土中的水泥用量;
(2)拌合混凝土时加水或用水将碎石冷却以降低混凝土的浇筑温度;
(3)热天浇筑混凝土时减少浇筑厚度,利用浇筑层面散热;
(4)在混凝土中埋设水管,通入冷水降温;
(5)规定合理的拆模时间,气温骤降时进行表面保温,以免混凝土表面发生急剧的温度梯度;
(6)施工中长期暴露的混凝土浇筑块表面或薄壁结构,在寒冷季节采取保温措施;
改善约束条件的措施是:
(1)合理地分缝分块;
(2)避免基础过大起伏;
(3)合理的安排施工工序,避免过大的高差和侧面长期暴露;
此外,改善混凝土的性能,提高抗裂能力,加强养护,防止表面干缩,特别是保证混凝土的质量对防止裂缝是十分重要,应特别注意避免产生贯穿裂缝,出现后要恢复其结构的整体性是十分困难的,因此施工中应以预防贯穿性裂缝的发生为主。
在混凝土的施工中,为了提高模板的周转率,往往要求新浇筑的混凝土尽早拆模。当混凝土温度高于气温时应适当考虑拆模时间,以免引起混凝土表面的早期裂缝。新浇筑早期拆模,在表面引起很大的拉应力,出现“温度冲击”现象。
在混凝土浇筑初期,由于水化热的散发,表面引起相当大的拉应力,此时表面温度亦较气温为高,此时拆除模板,表面温度骤降,必然引起温度梯度,从而在表面附加一拉应力,与水化热应力迭加,再加上混凝土干缩,表面的拉应力达到很大的数值,就有导致裂缝的危险,但如果在拆除模板后及时在表面覆盖一轻型保温材料,如泡沫海棉等,对于防止混凝土表面产生过大的拉应力,具有显著的效果。
加筋对大体积混凝土的温度应力影响很小,因为大体积混凝土的含筋率极低。
只是对一般钢筋混凝土有影响。在温度不太高及应力低于屈服极限的条件下,钢的各项性能是稳定的,而与应力状态、时间及温度无关。钢的线胀系数与混凝土线胀系数相差很小,在温度变化时两者间只发生很小的内应力。由于钢的弹性模量为混凝土弹性模量的7~15倍,当内混凝土应力达到抗拉强度而开裂时,钢筋的应力将不超过100~200kg/cm2。。因此,在混凝土中想要利用钢筋来防止细小裂缝的出现很困难。但加筋后结构内的裂缝一般就变得数目多、间距小、宽度与深度较小了。而且如果钢筋的直径细而间距密时,对提高混凝土抗裂性的效果较好。混凝土和钢筋混凝土结构的表面常常会发生细而浅的裂缝,其中大多数属于干缩裂缝。虽然这种裂缝一般都较浅,但它对结构的强度和耐久性仍有一定的影响。
为保证混凝土工程质量,防止开裂,提高混凝土的耐久性,正确使用外加剂也是减少开裂的措施之一。
例如使用减水防裂剂,笔者在实践中总结出其主要作用为:
(1)混凝土中存在大量毛细孔道,水蒸发后毛细管中产生毛细管张力,使混凝土干缩变形。增大毛细孔径可降低毛细管表面张力,但会使混凝土强度降低。
这个表面张力理论早在六十年代就已被国际上所确认。
(2)水灰比是影响混凝土收缩的重要因素,使用减水防裂剂可使混凝土用水量减少2xxxx。
(3)水泥用量也是混凝土收缩率的重要因素,掺加减水防裂剂的混凝土在保持混凝土强度的条件下可减少1xxxx的水泥用量,其体积用增加骨料用量来补充。
(4)减水防裂剂可以改善水泥浆的稠度,减少混凝土泌水,减少沉缩变形。
(5)提高水泥浆与骨料的粘结力,提高的混凝土抗裂性能。
(6)混凝土在收缩时受到约束产生拉应力,当拉应力大于混凝土抗拉强度时裂缝就会产生。减水防裂剂可有效的提高的混凝土抗拉强度,大幅提高混凝土的
抗裂性能。
(7)掺加外加剂可使混凝土密实性好,可有效地提高混凝土的抗碳化性,减少碳化收缩。
(8)掺减水防裂剂后混凝土缓凝时间适当,在有效防止水泥迅速水化放热基础上,避免因水泥长期不凝而带来的塑性收缩增加。
(9)掺外加剂混凝土和易性好,表面易摸平,形成微膜,减少水分蒸发,减少干燥收缩。
许多外加剂都有缓凝、增加和易性、改善塑性的功能,我们在工程实践中应多进行这方面的实验对比和研究,比单纯的靠改善外部条件,可能会更加简捷、经济
4 混凝土的早期养护
实践证明,混凝土常见的裂缝,大多数是不同深度的表面裂缝,其主要原因是温度梯度造成寒冷地区的温度骤降也容易形成裂缝。因此说混凝土的保温对防止表面早期裂缝尤其重要。
从温度应力观点出发,保温应达到下述要求:
1)防止混凝土内外温度差及混凝土表面梯度,防止表面裂缝。
2)防止混凝土超冷,应该尽量设法使混凝土的施工期最低温度不低于混凝土使用期的稳定温度。
3)防止老混凝土过冷,以减少新老混凝土间的约束。
混凝土的早期养护,主要目的在于保持适宜的温湿条件,以达到两个方面的效果,一方面使混凝土免受不利温、湿度变形的侵袭,防止有害的冷缩和干缩。一方面使水泥水化作用顺利进行,以期达到设计的强度和抗裂能力。
适宜的温湿度条件是相互关联的。混凝上的保温措施常常也有保湿的效果。
从理论上分析,新浇混凝土中所含水分完全可以满足水泥水化的要求而有余。但由于蒸发等原因常引起水分损失,从而推迟或防碍水泥的水化,表面混凝土最容易而且直接受到这种不利影响。因此混凝土浇筑后的最初几天是养护的关键时期,在施工中应切实重视起来。
所以在施工时我们要谨慎的处理这些事件,根据不同情况不同处理。
这些问题都是在施工事要注意的,在施工时采用何种水泥,用量都是要注意的,还有混泥土的早期保养。
还有模板设计:
1、模板安装前的基本工作:
1)放线:首先引测建筑的边柱,墙轴线,平以该轴线为起点,引出各条轴线。模板放线时,根据施工图用墨线弹出模板的中心线和边线,墙模板要弹出模板的边线和外侧控制线,以便于模板安装和校正。
2)用水准仪把建筑水平标高根据实际标高的要求,直接引测到模板安装位置。
3)模板垫底部位应预先找平,杂物清理干净,以保证模板位置正确,防止模板底部漏浆或混泥土成形后烂根。
4)工长事先确定模板的组装设计方案,向施工班组进行技术,质量,安全交底。
5)模板应图刷脱模剂。还有好多注意事项,我在这就不列举了。
我坚信通过这一段时间的实习,所获得的实践经验对我终身受益,在我毕业后的实际工作中将不断的得到验证,我会不断的理解和体会实习中所学到的知识,在未来的工作中我将把我所学到的理论知识和实践经验不断的应用到实际工作来,充分展示自我的个人价值和人生价值。为实现自我的理想和光明的前程努力。
机械生产实习报告篇五
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