【简介】感谢网友“雕龙文库”参与投稿，这里小编给大家分享一些，方便大家学习。
3．in case引导从句的区别 in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定： In case he comes, let me know.(条件状语从句) 如果他来，告诉我一声。 Tell me in case you get into difficulty.(目的状语从句) 遇到困难请告诉我。 in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should＋动词原形”这样的形式： Take your coat in case it rains (should rain)． 带着雨衣以防下雨。 五、条件状语从句 1．引导条件状语从句的从属连词 (1)主要的有if, unless, as (so) long as等。 You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意现在就可以走了。 As long as it doesn't rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。 (2)除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件。 I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来， 那我就来。 He may go with us provided (providing) he arrives in time.
他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。 suppose和supposing引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合： Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说？ Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去？ 2．条件状语从句的时态 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。 六、时间状语从句(两个方面) 1．引导时间状语从句的从属连词 引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。 Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。 We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。 It's a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。 除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：
(1) 表示“一……就……”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than…， hardly…when…等。 Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。 The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。 We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。 Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。 (2)涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。 Every time I see her I'll think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。 He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。 2．与时间状语从句有关的时态问题 (1)当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。 Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。 I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。 (2)与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态。 He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了？
注意：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时： It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 Yesterday he told me that he hadn't eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。 1. It was a nice meal, ______ a little expensive. (2011·全国大纲卷)
A. though
B. whether
C. as
D. since A 许多同学认为此题应该选D，因为since表示原因。其实，此题的正确答案为A。此题考查省略的状语从句。 2. ______ volleyball is her main focus, she's also great at basketball. (2011·北京)
A. Since
B. Once
C. Unless
D. While
D while位于句首，引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。 3. He was sentenced to death ________ what he had stolen from the bank.
A. that
B. since
C. because
D. because of
D 许多同学们认为此题应选C，因为关于 because 和 because of 的用法有如下区别规则：because是连词，其后接句子；而because of是介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。此规则并没错，只是表述不很准确。一般说来，because 作为从属连词，用以引导原因状语从句时，其后应是一个不含有引导词的句子，而不能是 what 引导的从句。
另一方面，本题中的 what he had stolen＝the thing(s) that he had stolen，也就是说，这个what从句从本质上说，它相当于个一名词(或者更准确地说是一个受定语从句修饰的名词)，所以此题应选 because of。 There is a possibility that 有一个可能性…… ①There is a he might go back to Seattle.
这是一个可能：他可能回西雅图了。 ①possibility that ②There is a that he has seen this movie. 他很可能看过这部影片了。 ②high possibility 2、 Not only has aspirin proved vital for reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. 阿司匹林不仅证明了在退高烧、阻止疼痛方面很重要，而且还能有其他的作用。 本句是由not only…but also…引导的并列句。not only放在句首时，前一分句要倒装。 ◆Not only did the dog bark at him, but (it) bit him.
这只狗不但对他吠叫，而且咬了他。 ◆Not only should software keep quiet about its problems, but it should also have the intelligence, confidence, and authority to fix its problems on its own.
软件不仅应该对自己的事情保持安静，而且应该是聪明、自信并自主地解决自己的问题。 1. A 考查形容词的辨析。sharp 明显的，急剧的； slight 轻微的，稍稍的； natural 自然的，天生的； modest 谦虚的，不过分的。因此选A。句意：现在的孩子们在创造力上有很大的提高，因为他们被极力地鼓励去发挥他们的天赋。 1. Nowadays, there is a ________ increase in children's creativity, for they are greatly encouraged to develop their talents.(2011·福建)
A. sharp
B. slight
C. natural
D. modest 2. A 考查连词。whenever 无论何时； however 然而； whichever 任何一个； wherever 无论哪里。关系副词在后句中充当状语，根据语境可知是指时间，选A。句意：请打电话给我的秘书安排今天下午的会议，或者在你任何方便的时候也行。 2. Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, or ________ it is convenient to you.(2011·江西)
A. whenever
B. however
C. whichever
D. wherever 状语从句(Ⅱ) 一、让步状语从句(三大方面) 1．引导让步状语从句的从属连词 主要的有although, though, even though, even if等。 Although he is poor, he's still happy. 虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。 I will try it, though I may fail. 即使我可能失败， 我也要试一下。 We'll go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。 注意：(1)用when 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”。 She stopped when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。 While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。 (2)用whether…or…引导让步状语从句： I'll do it whether you like it or not. 不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。 Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否，他都将失败。 (3)用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句： He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。 Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。 2．whatever, however 等ever词用法说明 这些词的用法应注意以下几点： (1)它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论……” Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 Whoever telephones, tell them I'm out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 Wherever he goes, I'll go. 不管他去哪里，我也去。 (2)它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter… No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少， 他都不发胖。 (3)注意however用于以下两类句型结构： ① however＋主语＋谓语 However you travel, it'll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走，至少要3天。 However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来，一定要早来。 ②however＋形容词或副词＋主语＋谓语 However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。 有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略： He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。 I refuse, however favorable the condition. 不管条件多好，我都不接受。 (4)有时从句谓语可用情态动词 I'll find him, wherever he is (may be).
无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。 Keep calm, whatever happens (may happen).
无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。 (5)whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句 Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他，我们都和他说话。 They teach wherever their pupils are working. 学生在哪里工作，教师就在哪里上课。 3．让步状语从句与倒装 引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但是不能用although。 Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。 Much as I like Paris, I couldn't live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。 注意：as可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。 二、原因状语从句(四大点) 1．引导原因状语从句的从属连词 主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等。 The woolly shrank because it was washed badly. 毛衣因洗得不得法而缩水。 I can't get to sleep because of the noise outside. 由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。 Seeing that it's raining, we'd better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。 Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。 2．关于not…because…结构 该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释： I didn't go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。 不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的。 You shouldn't get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。 3．because 习惯上不与 so 连用 汉语习惯上说“因为……所以……”，但英语习惯上却不能将so与because连用： 因为下雨，所以我们待在家里。 正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home. 误：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 4．because 从句与 because of 短语的转换 because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换。 He can't come because he is ill. / He can't come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。 I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife's being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。 三、结果状语从句(五个方面) 1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词 主要的有so that, so…that…， such…that…等。 He studied hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习用功，所以考试通过了。 注意：so…that和such…that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略： I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。 There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn't go out. 雨那么大，我们没法出去。 2．so…that…与 such…that…的用法比较 从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so＋形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)。 正：He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。 正：They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。 误：They are so clever children that we all like them. 此时的so…that…结构可与such…that…结构转换： It's such an interesting film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。
It's so interesting a film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。
注意：在much, many, little, few这4个词前总是用so而不用such。 He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。 He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family.
他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。 3．结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换 由so that和so…that引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和so…as to引出的不定式短语转换。 He arrived late so that he missed the train.
⇒He arrived late so as to miss the train.
他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。 4．so that引导目的状语和结果状语的区别 (1)含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果状语从句时表示的是一种事实。 (2)形式上的区别：引导目的状语从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果状语从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从句中是否有 can / could, may / might, will /would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果状语从句。 I am going to the lecture early so that I'll get a good seat.
我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。 (so that 引导目的状语从句) I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.
我去听演讲去得很早，所以找了个好座位。 (so that 引导结果状语从句) 另外，so that引导目的状语从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导状语结果从句时却不能。 正：So that he could buy a new car, he saved a lot of money.
他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。(引导目的状语从句) 误：So that I could hardly stand, I was tired. (引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为I was tired so that I could hardly stand. 我很累，几乎站不稳了。) 5．so…that…和such…that…有时不引导结果状语从句 so…that…和such…that…可以引导结果状语从句，但并不是说它们引导的从句就一定是结果状语从句。请看以下句子： I'm so happy that you could visit us.
我很高兴你能来看望我们。 (其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very) It's such a great pleasure that you are here.
你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。 (其中的that引导的是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语) 四、目的状语从句(三个方面) 1．引导目的状语从句的从属连词 主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。 Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关上以防下雨。 注意：so that引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可只用so。 Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。 I'll show you so you can see how it's done. 我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样干。 2．目的状语从句与状语短语的转换 为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换。 He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.
He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床很早以便赶上早班车。 He came in quietly in order that he shouldn't wake his wife.
He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。 有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换： He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train.
He left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。 Unit 2
Fit for life 1、chew
vt. 咀嚼， 嚼碎， 深思 ◆Many people like to chew mint gum in the summer.
许多人喜欢在夏天嚼薄荷口香糖。
◆You must chew your food well before you swallow it.
食物吞下去之前先要细细咀嚼。
◆I'll chew the problem over for a few days.
这个问题我会仔细思考几天。
我给你一天的时间来考虑。 I'll give you one day to . chew over 2、 vital adj. 至关重要的，有活力的，生死攸关的 ◆The government saw the introduction of new technology as vital.
政府认为引进新技术至关重要。 ◆The heart is a vital organ.
心脏是维持生命必须的器官。
vital energies 生命力 vital style 生动的文体 a vital wound 致命伤 a vital question 生死攸关的问题 vital part (身体的)要害处 vital information
The samples could give
scientists about longterm changes in the earth's atmosphere.
这些样品能给科学家提供关于地球大气长期变化的至关重要的信息。 3、 accelerate v. 加速，提前，跳级 ◆The leader is losing ground as the rest of the runners accelerate.
领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势。 ◆The car accelerated as it overtook me.
那辆汽车一加速就超过了我。 accelerated our departure The bad weather . 糟糕的天气促使我们早日离开。 4、 sharp
adj. 锋利的， 突然的， 灵敏的， 明显的， 辛辣的 ◆Cats have sharp claws.
猫有锋利的爪子。 ◆There is a sharp drop in the prices.
价格出现暴跌。 ◆It was very sharp of you to have noticed that.
你注意到了这一点是够机灵的。 ◆Bring the object into focus if you want a sharp photograph.
要照出清晰的照片，就要把焦点对准物体。 keen, acute, sharp 这些形容词均有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”之意。 keen 多指对复杂的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。 acute 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。 sharp 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。 sharp We arrived at three (o'clock) . 我们在3点整到达。 1、 try out 试验，选拔(尤指运动比赛或者角色甄选) ◆The method seems good but it needs to be tried out.
