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2024高考英语一轮语法对点讲练:4 情态动词和虚拟语气

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  语法对点讲练四 情态动词和虚拟语气

  一、情态动词

  知识点讲解

  情态动词本身有一定的词义,但需和其他动词一起构成谓语。除have to, be able to外,情态动词无人称和数的变化。除have to, be able to外,情态动词只有现在时和过去时两种基本形式。除ought, used外,情态动词后面接不带to的不定式。情态动词中have to可以用have got to代替;need, dare也可用作实义动词;used to有两种否定形式:used not to和did not use to。

  1.can, could

  ①表示具有某种能力,指有能力做某事。could表示过去的能力。

  ②表示请求和允许,和may相近;口语中可用could表示委婉语气,但回答时仍用can。

  ③表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句中。

  ④表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。

  特别提示 

  ⑤“can not/never ... too/enough”表示“无论怎么……也不过分;越……越好”。

  You can't be too careful when travelling alone.

  ⑥cannot but do sth.表示“只好;不得不”。

  Father cannot but agree with his daughter's opinion.

  ⑦can't help doing sth.表示“禁不住做某事”。

  2.be able to

  ⑧be able to可以有多种时态,如:将来时(will be able to),完成时(have/has/had been able to)。

  ⑨be able to侧重通过努力成功做成某事的能力。

  He said he could swim across the river.(指本身具有这种能力)

  At last he was able to swim across the river.(指通过努力做到了)

  3.may, might

  ⑩表示允许、许可或征求允许,否定回答时要用mustn't。might比may语气委婉。

  表示可能性,might比may可能性更小。

  may表示祝愿、愿望,常用于感叹句。

  特别提示 

  may/might as well do sth.“不妨;还是……为好”。

  Everything is ready. We might as well start now.

  4.will, would

  表示意志、决心或愿望。

  用于第二人称,表示请求、建议等。

  will表示“总是;惯于”。would表示过去的习惯,意为“过去常常”。

  表示推测或猜想。

  用于否定句,表示“不肯;不乐意”。

  特别提示 

  表示功能、特性,意为“能;行”,多用于否定句。

  The door won't open.

  would表示提出想法,通常与like, love, hate, be glad, prefer, be happy等连用。

  5.shall

  用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见或请示。

  用于第二、三人称的陈述句,表示说话者的命令、警告、许诺等语气。

  用于第三人称,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为“应;必须”。

  6.should, ought to

  表示应该,常用于表示现在或将来的责任或义务;还可表示推测,指有一定依据的推测。

  should还可表示惊讶,意为“竟会;居然”。

  It's strange that he should be absent.

  7.must, have to

  must强调主观看法,表示必须,have to强调客观需要,意为“不得不”。

  We must finish this work now.

  We will have to reconsider this plan.

  must表示“偏要;非得”等含义。这种用法常用于疑问句、条件句中。

  Must you waste so much time?

  must的否定形式mustn't意为“不许;禁止”;若表示“没有必要;不必”时,用needn't或don't have to。

  must表示推测时,仅用于肯定句,但在反意疑问句中,其后面反问部分取决于must后面的动词形式。

  You must be a newcomer, aren't you?

  8.need

  表示“需要;必须”,常用于疑问句和否定句中。肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't。

  9.dare

  主要用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中,有过去式形式dared。

  10.used to

  “过去常常”,含有今昔对比的意味,表示过去习惯的动作或状态现在已结束。而would表示过去反复发生的动作,但不含对比意味。

  11.had better, would better

  had better表示“最好……”; would better表示“宁愿;宁可”。

  12.情态动词+have done

  must have done用在肯定句中,表示对过去情况的肯定推测,语气坚定。

  can't have done表示对过去情况表示否定的推测,是must have done的否定形式。

  could have done用于肯定句,表示过去本能完成但事实上并没有完成,意为“本来能够”。

  may/might have done表示过去“可能发生”某事,意为“可能……;或许……”。

  should have done表示“过去本应该做某事而没有做”。

  shouldn't have done sth.表示“过去本不该做某事而做了”。

  needn't have done表示“过去本没有必要做某事而做了”。

  对点训练

  完成下列小题,并指出考查上述哪个知识点(①~)

  第一组 单项填空

  1.(2024·新课标卷Ⅰ)The door ________ open, no matter how hard she pushed.

  A. shouldn't

  B. couldn't

  C. wouldn't

  D. mightn't

  答案 __C__ 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:不管她怎么用力推门,都无法打开这扇门。shouldn't“不应该”; couldn't“主观的不能”; wouldn't“不会;不能(客观)”; mightn't“可能不”。

  2.(2024·新课标卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he ________ have done the research on his own.

  A. can B. must

  C. would

  D. need

  答案 __B__ 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:由于没人给予他任何帮助,他一定是独立做的研究。must have done对过去的肯定推测。

  3.(2024·北京卷)— You needn't take an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.

  — Well, I don't know. It ________ do.

  A. might

  B. need

  C. would

  D. should

  答案 __A__ 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:——你不必带伞,天不会下雨。——哦,我不知道。天也许会下雨。might“也许”,表推测,符合句意。

  4.(2024·安徽卷)It ________ be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.

  A. may

  B. couldn't

  C. should

  D. needn't

  答案 __B__ 知识点 __③__

  解析 由you know a lot of words可知不可能是词汇导致的问题。couldn't“不可能”。

  5.(2024·湖南卷)He ________ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.

  A. wouldn't

  B. shouldn't

  C. couldn't

  D. mustn't

  答案 __C__ 知识点 __①__

  解析 根据“尽管他努力了,但是他不能入睡……”,故用couldn't。

  第二组 语法填空

  6.Jack, it's too hot here. ________ I open the window?

  答案 Shall 知识点 ____

  解析 shall用于第一、三人称疑问句时,用于征求对方的意见。

  7.If the wound ________ become infected, do not hesitate to call me.

  答案 should 知识点 ____

  解析 should可以用于条件状语从句中表示事件发生的可能性,意为“假定要;将要”。

  8.According to his will, his money ________ be used to build a school instead of a market.

  答案 shall 知识点 ____

  解析 shall用于第三人称,表示依照遗嘱、规章、法律等“必须;应该”怎么样。

  9.It was very kind of you to do the washing­up, but you didn't ________ do it.

  答案 have_to 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:你真是太好了,把这些东西洗了,但是你没有必要洗的。didn't have to do表示“本没必要做”,客观上的“不必要”,动作已经发生了。

  10.— Alice looks sad. Did you tell her about her brother's accident?

  — Sorry, I ________ (not, tell) her just before her final exams.

  答案 shouldn't_have_told 知识点 ____

  解析 shouldn't have done sth.表示“本不该做某事,但是已经做了”,含有责备的意味。正确答案是D项。

  第三组 单项填空

  11.— How can I achieve my goal?

  — You ________ work hard and stick to it.

  A. can

  B. may

  C. must

  D. would

  答案 __C__ 知识点 ____

  解析 must“必须;应该”,表示强烈的劝告。

  12.(2024·漳州七校5月联考)When we worked in the same office, we ________ have coffee together.

  A. might

  B. should

  C. could

  D. would

  答案 __D__ 知识点 ____

  解析 would表示过去习惯性的动作,强调过去动作的经常性。

  13.(2024·甘肃三模)You were stupid to try climbing up there. You ________ yourself.

  A. can kill

  B. might have killed

  C. might kill

  D. must have killed

  答案 __B__ 知识点 ____

  解析 might have done sth.表示“过去有可能发生某事”,符合句意。must have done sth.表示对过去情况的肯定推测,意为“一定是;准是”。

  14.(2024·石家庄二模)He ________ it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.

  A. must have done

  B. might finish

  C. could have finished

  D. could finish

  答案 __C__ 知识点 ____

  解析 由句意可知,他没有能够完成。could have done sth.表示“本来能够做某事,而没做成”,有责备的含义,符合句意。

  15.(2024·烟台5月练习三)The weather turned out fine; I ________ have taken the raincoat with me.

  A. wouldn't

  B. couldn't

  C. mustn't

  D. needn't

  答案 __D__ 知识点 ____

  解析 天气很好,所以本没有必要带雨衣。needn't have done sth.表示“没有必要做某事却做了”,符合句意。

  第四组 语法填空

  16.________ we go to the McDonald's? I am sick of the food there!

  答案 Must 知识点 ____

  解析 must可以用来表示说话人不耐烦,意为“非要;偏偏”,往往暗示令人不愉快的事将要发生。

  17.You ________ (not) trust an online shop just because it has a beautifully­designed website.

  答案 shouldn't 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:你不应该只是因为一个网店设计漂亮就轻易相信它。must有些绝对。

  18.The bike under the tree ________ belong to Peter. Look! His bag is on it.

  答案 must 知识点 ____

  解析 根据“Look! His bag is on it.”可知树下那辆自行车一定是彼得的。must用于对现在情况的肯定推测。

  19.Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but ________ (not) say where he was.

  答案 wouldn't 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:几天之后,我哥哥打电话报了平安,但不愿说他在什么地方。wouldn't“不愿意;坚决不”,符合句意。

  20.I ________ (not) thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.

  答案 can't 知识点 __⑤__

  解析 句意:我们不在家时,你对我儿子的帮助,我怎么感谢你都不过分。can't/couldn't ... too ...意思是“再……都不为过”。

  21.— Did you punish him for losing your digital camera?

  — Yes, but I don't think I ________ (do) that.

  答案 should_have_done 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:——他丢了你的数码相机,你惩罚他了吗?——是的,但是我现在认为本不该这样做。答语是一个否定前移的句式, shouldn't have done表示做了不该做的事。

  22.— The work will take me another week. I'm really tired.

  — I think you ________ as well consult an experienced worker.

  答案 may/might 知识点 ____

  解析 句意:——这项工作还得用一周才能完成,我真的太累了。——我觉得你倒不如找一个有经验的工人商量一下。may/might as well表示“还是……的好;倒不如”,相当于had better。

  二、虚拟语气用于从句

  知识点讲解

  1.虚拟语气用于if条件从句

  ①表示与现在事实相反的假设,从句谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词一律用were)。主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might+动词原形。

  ②表示与过去事实相反的假设,从句谓语动词用过去完成时,主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might+have done。

  ③表示与将来事实相反的假设,从句谓语动词用过去时,或were to+动词原形,或should+动词原形,主句谓语动词用would/could/should/might+动词原形。

  特别提示 

  ④错综时间条件句:条件从句与主句谓语动词不是同时发生。谓语动词要根据各自的时间来确定。

  If I

  at school, I , too.

  If it

  much, the crops would .

  If

  today, we

  to Beijing.

  ⑤含蓄条件句:由介词with, without, but for, in that position等,或由连词or, otherwise, and, but, but that等代替if条件句。

  I couldn't have finished the work on time without your help.

  But for your timely warning, we would have got into great trouble.

  ⑥省略if的虚拟条件句:当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可省略,而将were, should, had等词置于句首,形成倒装。

  Were he here, everything would be alright.

  Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the trip.

  2.虚拟语气用于其他状语从句

  ⑦as if/though引导方式状语从句时,表示现在或将来的虚拟时,从句谓语动词用过去时(be动词一律用were);表示过去的虚拟时,从句谓语动词用“had+done”。

  ⑧even if/though引导让步状语从句时,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与if引导的非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。

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