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题型三 阅读理解第3讲推理判断题 对应学生用书P50
[题型概述]
推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句话或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题。这类题型在近几年高考阅读理解中所占的比例有上升的趋势。
与做主旨大意题一样，要做好推理判断题，我们首先应了解它的选项特征。
1．推理判断题正确选项特征
(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
2．推理判断题干扰选项特征
(1)曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别，推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。在此基础上，考生通过分析、判断，从而做出符合逻辑的推断。
(2)张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
(3)偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
(4)无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
(5)鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义。
(6)扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all,
nearly,
more than,
normally,
usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
[题型突破]
[典题例析] (2024·全国卷阅读B节选)
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama's motherinlaw, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson's decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama's family.
26．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson's decision?
A．17% expressed their support for it.
B．Few people responded sympathetically.
C．83% believed it had a bad influence.
D．The majority thought it was a trend.
[解题样板]
根据第二段中的“Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama's family.”可知，三分之二的人认为更多的家庭将效仿奥巴马的家庭，由此可知它将成为一种趋势。
A 17%的人对这一做法表示支持。
根据本段倒数第二句话可以推断出，17%的人对Mrs Robinson的决定持反对意见或保持中立态度。A项表述与原文意思相悖。 曲解文意
B 几乎没有人的反应是支持的。
根据本段最后一句话可知，三分之二的人将效仿奥巴马的家庭。B项表述与原文意思相悖。 曲解文意
C 83%的人认为这会产生坏的影响。
根据本段倒数第二句话可知，83%的人认为Mrs Robinson的决定会影响美国家庭的祖父母，但并没有说会产生坏的影响。 偷梁换柱
D 大多数人认为这是一种趋势。
D项是根据原文做出的合理推断。 合理推断
[答案] D
[题型技法]
3大步骤、5大解题技巧助你突破推理判断题
(一)答题步骤
解答这类题的一般步骤是：
1．定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点；
2．字面理解：理解相关信息点的字面意义；
3．深层理解：结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。
(二)答题技巧
推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。关键是要对文章已给的信息进行合理的分析判断，做到“有理有据”。同学们应主要注意以下几点：
1．吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。
2．对文章的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断，进行符合逻辑的推理。
3．忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。不能主观臆断、凭空想象，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
4．把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。
5．解题时应注意以下几点：
(1)直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章内容推理出来的选项；
(2)推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由；
(3)不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，脱离原文的主观臆断都是不可选的。
[课堂巩固训练]
A
(2024·山西省考前教学质量监测) It's that time of year when people need to lock their cars. It's not because there are a lot of criminals running around stealing cars. Rather, it's because of goodhearted neighbors who want to share their harvest.
Especially with this year's large crop, leaving a car unlocked in my neighborhood is an invitation for someone to fill it with zucchini
(西葫芦)．
My sisterinlaw, Sharon, recently had a good year for tomatoes. She and her family had eaten and canned so many that they
began to feel their skin turn slightly red. That's when she decided it was time to share her blessings. She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed, she began to ask
everyone in the neighborhood like a politician, eventually finding a neighbor delighted to have the tomatoes. “Feel free to take whatever you want，” Sharon told her.She felt happy that she could help someone and that the food didn't go to waste.
A few days later, Sharon answered the door. There was the neighbor, holding a
loaf of bread. The neighbor smiled pleasantly, “I want to thank you for all of the tomatoes, and I have to admit that I took a few other things and hoped you wouldn't mind.”
Sharon couldn't think of anything else in her garden that had been worth harvesting and said so. “Oh, but you did，” the neighbor said. “You had some of the prettiest zucchini I've ever seen.”
Sharon was confused. Zucchini in her garden? They hadn't even planted any zucchini. But her neighbor insisted that there really were brightgreen zucchini in Sharon's garden. Sharon's
curiosity got the better of her and she had to go and see where the zucchini had grown. The two of them walked together into the backyard. When the neighbor pointed at the long green vegetables, Sharon smiled.
“Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating or canning.”
The neighbor looked at Sharon, shock written all over her face. Then, she smiled, and held out the bread that she had shared all over the neighborhood,
“I brought you a loaf
of cucumber bread. I hope you like it.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述了作者所在的社区邻里之间互相分享一些农产品的事和期间闹出的一些笑话。
1．Why does the author suggest that
people in the neighborhood
lock their cars?
A．They might be stolen by thieves.
B．They might be moved away by the police.
C．Their neighbors might fill them with their harvest.
D．Their neighbors might throw rubbish in
them.
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第一段“Rather, it's because of goodhearted neighbors who want to share their harvest.”并结合上下文可推知，这是因为他们热心的邻居会把收获的东西塞进未上锁的车里。故选C。
2．How did those who received Sharon's call react to the invitation to take her tomatoes?
A．They refused to take it.
B．They accepted it with pleasure.
C．They promised to come when they were free.
D．They recommended someone else who like them.
解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第二段“She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed ...”并结合上下文可知，Sharon给所有熟人打电话让他们来她家里拿西红柿，结果都失败了；由此可推知，他们拒绝来她家拿西红柿。故选A。
3．What did the neighbor do in Sharon's garden?
A．She harvested tomatoes only.
B．She harvested zucchini by
accident.
C．She took some cucumbers mistakenly.
D．She took something without Sharon's permission.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第三至五段的内容可知，Sharon的邻居在她的园子里摘西红柿时，误把黄瓜当作西葫芦摘走了。故选C。
4．We can infer from
the article that the neighbor's
bread would taste ________.
A．bitter but tastyB．strange and funny
C．hard and sour
D．soft and sweet
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating or canning.”和下文可知，邻居是用Sharon园里的黄瓜做的面包；由此可推知，邻居的面包尝起来味道应该会很怪而且让人不大舒服。A项错在tasty上；C项错在hard上；D项错在sweet上。故选B。
B
(2024·衡阳市高中毕业班联考) Mostafa Hemdan is making a good living by recycling electronic waste, but success has not come without hurdles.
The 25yearold man set up his firm five years ago in the garage of his parents' house. The business inspiration came from something he saw on TV. “I was watching a documentary about electronic recycling, and I realised there was a lot of potential in extracting metals from mother boards — gold, silver, copper, and platinum，” he says. “It was a booming industry in Europe and the US, but no one in the Middle East was doing it.” It was at that moment that the idea for Recyclobekia was born.
Recyclobekia's first order soon followed when a buyer in Hong Kong ordered 10 tonnes of hard disks. Despite partnering
with companies to buy their waste, the amount they provided was much lower than Recyclobekia expected, and in six months it had only managed to gather six tonnes.
Mr. Hemdan realised he needed to quickly improve his professional knowledge of the industry. So he flew to Hong Kong to study the work of recycling firms. The trip made Mr. Hemdan realise that he had to make a difference.
At the time it was simply collecting the old electronic items and sending them off to its buyer in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong firm would then break them apart, separate the materials, and sell them on to other companies which melted down and extracted (提取) the individual metals.
Mr. Hemdan realised Recyclobekia could get a better price, for waste that had already been broken up and separated. So he ended the Hong Kong deal, and instead signed up with a German extraction company. This also reduced Recyclobekia's shipping costs.
Today, the Egyptian businessman sells D|S2.4 m of electronic waste per year.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Mostafa Hemdan从一部关于电子产品回收的纪录片中获得灵感，创建了自己的电子产品回收公司，其间通过不断努力和学习，最终获得了成功。
5．Which of the following is the best title?
A．Turning Rubbish into Gold
B．Rising from the Mistakes
C．Recycling Domestic Waste
D．Seeking Business Potentials
解析：选A 标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知，Mostafa Hemdan建立了一个电子产品回收公司，从废弃的电子产品中提取有用物质，最终大获成功。A项意为“变废为宝”，体现了本文的核心主旨，适合做标题。故选A。
6．We can infer that ________.
A．Mostafa Hemdan has already expanded his business across the Middle East
B．Recyclobekia was seriously punished for its ending the Hong Kong deal
C．Recyclobekia is now one of the most famous companies in the Middle East
D．Recyclobekia is one of the first businesses in Egypt to recycle electronic waste
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第二段“It was a booming industry in Europe and the US, but no one in the Middle East was doing it.”可推知，Mostafa Hemdan的公司Recyclobekia是埃及最先回收电子废品的公司之一。故选D。
7．What did Mr. Hemdan decide to do after he returned from Hong Kong?
A．He decided to reduce the shipping costs.
B．He decided to change his business model.
C．He decided to update his professional skills.
D．He decided to improve the product designs.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第四段“The trip made Mr. Hemdan realise that he had to make a difference.”以及下文的内容可知，他决定改变自己的经营模式。故选B。
8．Recyclobekia now makes more profits by ________.
A．selling electronic products
B．extracting the rare metals
C．sorting out electronic waste
D．shipping electronic waste
解析：选C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mr. Hemdan realised Recyclobekia could get a
... with a German extraction company. ”可推知，这家公司现在是通过将废弃的电子产品分类来赚取更多的利润。故选C。
