【简介】感谢网友“网络整理”参与投稿，这里小编给大家分享一些，方便大家学习。
根据往年高考经验，高考英语作文话题一般会与当年的社会热点、民生有关。结合以上这些，我们来看看今年高考作文的预测话题吧！
★热点预测1：健康生活★1.网瘾中国社会近些年一直提倡健康生活方式，但网瘾普遍存在于青少年之中，对其学习和生活都造成了很大不良影响！往年高考并未考到这个话题，今年备考可以在这个话题上准备一些！
【题目要求】
假设你是李华，你在美国夏令营认识的朋友Mike给你来信说他最近沉迷于电脑难以控制。请你给他回一封信，告诉他网瘾可能会导致成绩下降、健康状况恶化、损害家庭关系等问题，并提出一些建议。
参考词汇：沉溺于be/become addicted to 网瘾：Internet addiction
【优秀范文】
Dear Jack,
I am glad to hear from you. As your close friend, I’d like to talk about the harm of Internet addiction to you as I feel worried to know that you have wasted lots of valuable time playing the Internet games.
As we know, the Internet is a convenient tool to improve our knowledge and skills. However, our life will be greatly affected if we are addicted to it. For example your grades may go down and your health will be going from bad to worse. To make things worse, it can also damage the relationship with your family. So I think it is high time that you got rid of the bad habit. It is a good idea for you to read some meaningful books and do some physical exercise.
I am looking forward to hearing your good news soon．
Yours,
Li Hua
2.健康生活 — 拒为低头族伴随着互联网日益深入人们的生活，低头一族诞生并不断增加，公交车、地铁等公共场合到处都是低头看手机者的身影，手机已经成为低头族身体的一部分。同时，这种生活方式对人们的身体健康造成极大的不良影响，应当引起相当重视。
【题目要求】
现在越来越多的人成为低头族（People who can’t help checking their phones all day are known as phubbers. Phubbing trends to involve not only the young people, but also the elderly.)，如何引导低头族抬头？你们班举行了以“拒为低头族”为主题的班会。假设你是学生李华，请为班会写一篇100词左右的发言稿。
要点如下：
1. 你周围有低头族吗？他们成为“低头族”的原因。
2. 成为“低头族”给学习和生活带来的影响。
3. 就如何“拒为低头族”提一些建议。
【优秀范文】
Nowadays, we can see many people are watching their mobile phones in subway, restaurants, elevators, roads and so on. There is no denying that people who like the mobile phone are concerned about its attractive functions. Phubbers can’t stop sending messages, surfing the Internet, listening to music and even taking photos by using the mobile phone. Moreover, some people have less time to relax themselves. They make use of the time when they are on the way to school or other places to play mobile games.
However, phubbing disturbs not only our study but also our life. On the one hand, phubbers waste lots of time playing cell phone games and sending messages, particularly in class. Other people also complain they are disturbed when phones ring in classrooms. On the other hand, it can lead to health problems. For instance, using a mobile phone on the sofa can cause back and neck pain.
As far as I am concerned, it is high time that we threw away the phone and raised our heads up. Do cherish everything around us and appreciate the scenery ahead of us. What’s more, we should do more exercises and take part in real-life activities. In a word, only when we use the phone reasonably, can we realize the happiness of life.
★热点预测2：中国传统文化艺术★1.中华饮食：茶近几年，高考英语写作多次出现对中国传统文化的考查，例如唐诗、剪纸等。因此，今年考查传统文化的的可能性依然很大，而对于中国饮食还未见考查，所以，在备考复习时，可以多在这个主题上下些功夫！
【题目要求】
假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Jack发来邮件，想了解中国茶文化常识。现在请你给他回封邮件，内容包括：
1. 中国茶文化简介;
2. 饮茶的好处;
3. 邀请他来中国体验茶文化。
注意：
1. 词数100左右;
2. 邮件开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数;
3. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
【优秀范文】
Dear Jack,
Im glad to hear from you. And now I’m very happy to share something about Chinese tea culture in reply to your last e-mail.
Chinese tea culture started about 4,000 years ago and drinking tea gradually became an amazing tradition. In China, people drink tea almost everywhere and in most of their spare time. Some Chinese believe that tea benefits people’s health a lot. Drinking a cup of tea makes people relaxed and refreshed. Others treat guests or friends to tea drinking in social communication.
Probably, you’ve got a general picture of tea culture after my introduction. Then, how about coming to China to experience it yourself? Maybe, you will fall in love with it.
Yours,
Li Hua
2. 祝贺信：中国象棋【题目要求】
假如你是李华，你的美国网友Peter参加中国象棋网络挑战赛获得了一等奖。请根据以下提示写一封英文电子邮件向他表示祝贺。
1) 祝贺他获奖；
2) 肯定他付出的努力；
3) 询问何时方便，在网上切磋棋艺。
注意：
1)词数100左右；
2)可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3)开头和结尾已为你写好。
Dear Peter,
I am writing to offer my sincere congratulations
Congratulations again.
Yours,
Li Hua
【参考范文】
Dear Peter,
I am writing to offer my sincere congratulations to you on your winning the first prize in the Chinese Chess Network Challenge. As your friend, I just want you to know how glad I am at your success.
“Everything comes to him who waits.” For these years, you’ve shown great interest in Chinese chess and kept on practicing it every day. Not only have you read many books about Chinese chess strategy, but also you have competed in all kinds of Chinses chess contests. Finally, you succeeded in wining the online competition!
So I’m so happy that you become champion of this network challenge. At last, I hope to play Chinese chess with you so that we can make progress together. Please tell me when you have time.
Congratulations again.
Yours,
Li Hua
3. 成语故事今年高考英语写作传统文化考查的可能性很大，中国成语至今没有考过，对一成语典故也可以适当下点功夫。
【题目要求】
假如你是李华，你的美国网友Peter对你博客里的一幅漫画很感兴趣，给你留言询问其含义。请你根据以下提示给他回贴。
1) 成语“闻鸡起舞”的典故；
2) 成语寓意。
注意：
1) 词数100左右；
2) 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3) 开头语已给出。
参考词汇：patriotic 爱国的；crow 啼叫，报晓
Dear Peter,
The picture is about a Chinese idiom “wen ji qi wu”.
Yours,
Li Hua
【优秀范文】
Dear Peter,
The picture is about aChinese idiom “wen ji qi wu”. This idiom originated from a well-known story happened in Xin Jin Dynasty. In order to serve their country well, two patriotic young men, named Zu Ti and Liu Kun, both got up and practised sword playing the moment they heard the cock crow. Day by day and year in, year out, they never stopped. Later, they all made great contributions to protecting their country.
Nowadays, people usually use the phrase “rising up upon hearing the crow of a rooster to practise sword playing” to signify that someone is exerting himself to do something worthwhile. It is also used to describe that a person of noble aspirations exerts himeself in time.
If you have any other questions about this idiom, please tell me.
Yours,
Li Hua
4.中国文化周这个主题应该算是传统文化的范畴，但它的发挥空间要大的多，因为中国文化可以说是包罗万象。
【题目要求】
假定你是李华，你的笔友Peter所在的林肯中学将举办中国文化周活动，他来信向你寻求活动相关建议。请你给他回信，内容要点包括：
1. 活动内容及形式；
2. 说明推荐理由；
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 可能用到的词汇：剪纸 paper-cutting 书法 calligraphy
【优秀范文】
Dear Peter:
I’m very glad to learn that a Chinese Culture Week activity will be held in your school. It’s a good opportunity for you to learn more about culture.
First a paper-cutting exhibition is a good choice. As a traditional Chinese art, paper-cutting includes different themes like plants, animals, stories and so on. Additionally, holding a Chinese calligraphy competition can also arouse people’s interest, which is very helpful in learning Chinese culture. What’s more, lectures about Chinese history, architecture, poems, or even food, are surely welcome. And a Chinese painting show is always attractive.
I hope my suggestions will be of great help to you.
Yours,
Li Hua
★热点预测3：走进中国★1.走进中国伴随着中国日益国际化，越来越多的外国人正在走进中国，也有很多国际友人希望更多的了解中国。
【题目要求】
假如你是李华，你的美国笔友David准备组织一个“走进中国（Approach to China”的活动，他写信请你帮忙策划一下活动内容并介绍一下有中国特色的元素，以便让他的同学更好地了解中国。请你用英文写一封回信。
要求：1. 100字左右；
2. 需包括至少两个中国元素，可适当增减细节。
参考词汇：一带一路倡议 One Belt and One Road Initiative；吉祥物 mascot
【优秀范文】
Dear David,
I’m glad to know that you are launching a campaign “Approach to China” aiming to introduce your peers to a thriving China and be of some help.
From my perspective, the activities may range from Chinese calligraphy competition to paper cutting, martial arts, appreciation of Beijing Opera and so on. As for Chinese elements, the Great Wall with a long history symbolizes the national fighting spirits while high-speed railway representing the cutting-edge technology takes the lead in the world. China’s booming economy is marked with mobile payment and One Belt and One Road Initiative.
By the way, mascots like pandas and Monkey King will enjoy great popularity among participants.
Wish your campaign a success.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
2.民族盛会 — 冬奥会2023年冬季奥运会将在2023年2月4日至2023年2月20日在中华人民共和国北京市和河北省张家口市联合举行。这是中国历史上第一次举办冬季奥运会，是中华民族万众期待和将永远铭记的一次盛会。
【题目要求】
2023年北京-张家口冬奥会将如期在北京和张家口举行。为了确保冬奥会圆满成功，组委会发起了志愿者招募活动。假如你是学生李华，希望能成为其中一员。请按要求用英文给组委会写一封申请信，内容包括：1. 个人情况；2. 自身优势；3. 服务承诺„
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：2023北京-张家口冬奥会 2023 Beijing-Zhangjiakou Winter Olympic Games
【优秀范文】
Dear Sir/Madam,
My name is Li Hua. I would like to work as volunteer for 2023 Beijing-Zhangjiakou Winter Olympic Games. I’m a boy of eighteen years old from a high school. My spoken English is good and I can communicate with foreigners fluently. What’s more, I have other advantages – I’m especially fond of sports, familiar with Beijing, good at communication and always glad to help other. I’m willing to provide the best service for every athlete in Winter Olympic Games. Therefore, I think I’m suitable for serving the Games.
I would appreciate it if you could offer me the chance to be a volunteer.
Thank you!
Yours faithfully,
Li Hua
3.外国人学汉语近几年，汉语热愈演愈烈，因此，今年高考英语写作考查这个话题的可能性较大。
【题目要求】
假定你是李华, 你的美国笔友Mark本学期开始选修汉语课程。最近，他给你发来电子邮件，询问如何学好汉语。 请给他回一封邮件，针对如何学好汉语提一些建议。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.开头语已为你写好。
【优秀范文】
Dear Mark,
I know from your e-mail that you are learning Chinese this semester and ask me for some advice. Here are my suggestions.
First, you should listen carefully to your teacher in class and practice as often as possible after class because mastering a language requires a lot of practice. Second, I’d like to recommend you to read some Chinese story books, which helps you enlarge your vocabulary and understand the different meanings of the words. Third, I think it is a good idea to communicate with Chinese native speakers. Last but not least, watching Chinese movies and listening to Chinese songs are good ways to learn idiomatic Chinese.
I hope my advice will be helpful.
Yours,
Li Hua
4.传统文化 — 汉语夏令营【题目要求】
假定你是李华，你校今年暑假将要为外国学生举办一场汉语夏令营活动。请给你的美国朋友Jason写封邮件，邀请他参加。内容包括：
1. 时间和地点；
2. 内容：汉语学习、中国传统文化等；
3. 报名方式和截止日期。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【优秀范文】
Dear Jason,
How is it going? Our school is going to hold a Chinese Summer Camp for international students this summe vacation. Knowing that you are keen on Chinese culture, I am writing to invite you to join in it.
The camp will last 10 days, from July 11 to July 20 in our school. It covers a variety of activities, ranging from learning daily Chinese to Chinese history and traditional culture. In addition, the camp provides a chance for members to visit some museums, which is a good way to learn about our history. If you are interested, please sign up before July 11 on our school website.
I am sure that you will gain much through the activities. Looking forward to your participation.
Yours,
LiHua
★热点预测4：新四大发明★1.关于高铁【题目要求】
高铁给人们的出行带来了快捷和方便，请你写一篇短文简单介绍武广高铁。
基本情况：
1. 始建于2005年，2009年12月26日开通运营，干线全长1068公里；
2. 途经湖北、湖南和广东；
3. 列车时速高达350公里/小时，目前世界上最快。
主要优点：
1. 武汉至广州仅需3个小时，比先前减少7个多小时；
2. 高铁列车设施齐全，安全舒适。
美中不足：
1. 票价偏高；
2. 车站离市中心较远。【优秀范文】
First built in 2005, the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation on December,26th,2009. Overall length of its main line is 1068 kilometers, and it goes through the following three provinces: Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong.
The speed of the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway is 350km/h,the fastest speed in the world now, which makes it only three hours needed from Wuhan to Guangzhou, seven hours less than before. Besides, there are all kinds of facilities in the train, which make your trip safe and comfortable, so it is more humanitarian.
However, the only fly in the ointment is that the train fare is too high and the station is quite far away from the downtown area.
2.移动支付【题目要求】
随着微信，支付宝、银行APP等的发展想必大家都爱用他们支付购买。那么，通过网络进行的货币支付或资金流转给我们的生活带来了哪些好处呢?请你以移动支付的好处为主题写一篇英语短文。
【优秀范文】
The Advantages of Online Payment
Online payment has been advocated around the world, which is the future way to pay bills. In China, Alipay is popular everywhere, even the small business can be finished by this advanced way. People play the joke that they don’t need to worry about the lack of cash. The advantages of online payment are obvious.
Firstly, it saves people’s time to pay bills. The use of online payment is carried out with a smart phone. Especially when we go to the supermarket, there are always a lot of people waiting in the long line. The process of costing customers’ time is to take out the cash or use the credit card, because both customers and cashiers need to count the money or check the bills. But now the cashier can just scan the phone and the bill will be paid and the customer can check quickly.
Second, people don’t have to worry about getting the fake cash. Many years ago, people were easy to get fake money as they received the change. But now, as the cash have been used less, people won’t receive the fake cash without paper money. With the development of new applications, our life will be much convenient.
3.共享单车【题目要求】
假定你是红星中学初三学生李华。你的美国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国新近出现的一种共享单车“mobike”很感兴趣，并请你做个简要介绍。请你给Jim回信，内容包括：
1. 这种单车的使用方法(如：APP查看车辆、扫码开锁等);
2. 这种单车的优势;
3. 你对这种单车的看法。
注意：1. 词数不少于80;
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
提示词：智能手机 smartphone，二维码 the QR code
【优秀范文】
Dear Jim,
I’m writing to tell you more about the new form of sharing bike--mobike mentioned in your latest letter.
It’s very convenient to use if you have a smartphone. What you do is to find a nearest mobike through the APP, scan the QR code on the bike, and enjoy your trip.
Compared to other forms of sharing bike, the greatest advantage of mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. It is becoming a new trend as a means of transportation, which relieves the traffic pressure and does good to the environment as well.
Hope to ride a mobike with you in China.
Yours,
Li Hua
4.网购【题目要求】
随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚至已经成了我们日常生活的一部分了。相信同学们身边一定有不少同学已经通过网络进行购物了，比如淘宝网等，但是网络购物究竟有何利弊呢? 请写一篇短文，谈谈网上购物的好处与坏处。
【优秀范文】
With the development of the Internet and the popularization of computers, shopping on the Internet has become a commonplace in our life. Here consumers can buy almost everything they need.
Shopping on the Internet has a lot of advantages, of which themost important is perhaps its convenience. People dont haveto waste a lot of their energy and precious time to go from one shop to another to choose the commodities they like. This is especially desirable to the old, the sick and the busy people who cannot go to the shops in person（亲自）. The goods come in all shapes, sizes and colors on the Internet. All they need to do is to sit in front of their computers and click the mouses（点击鼠标）. The commodities they order will be delivered（运送）to them promptly.
However, shopping on the Internet also has its disadvantages. The first disadvantage is that the consumers cant see the goods or try them on（试穿，试验） personally. Sometimes, the real goods may not be the same as what they have seen on the computer. The second disadvantage is that some shops on the Internet are not registered（注册）. They will never deliver anything to you after they get the money from you. Once cheated, you will find that you have nowhere to go to complain.
★热点预测5：科技发展★科技是近几年来比较常出现在英语的试题中的一个话题，或者出现在阅读理解中，或者出现在完形填空中，或者出现在写作题目中!
1. 5G技术与人工智能【题目要求】
人工智能与5G时代已悄然来临，随着科技越来越与人类生活相结合，随处可见的人工智能，让生活越来越便利的同时也带来许多的困惑，按要求完成一篇作文。内容包括：
1. 描述或畅想未来人工智能的发展状况
2. 分析这种现象产生的原因
3. 陈述利弊以及表明个人态度
【优秀范文】
As we all know , the time of 5G technology is coming , it is called the fourth industrial revolution , future of computer science lies in the artificial intelligence，it is the research and artificial simulation of human thought and eventually be able to make a human like to think the same machine , for human services and to help people solve problems.
After all, people thought it was unique, there are feelings, there are a variety of character, this will be very difficult to achieve in the machine.In fact, to do the same as the human thinking machine, the only one of the artificial intelligence, is by no means all. Through the study of artificial intelligence, it can resolve all kinds of scientific problems, promote the development of other science will have a great impact on all peoples lives .
I believe that the science of artificial intelligence is waiting for humanity to explore it step by step .
2.科技改变我们未来的生活【题目要求】
假定你是李华。某英文报社正在举行题为“科技改变我们未来的生活”的征文活动，要求同学们想象科技将如何改变我们的生活环境、工作和休闲方式。请根据你的畅想用英语写一篇短文。
【优秀范文】
With the development of science and technology, our life in the future will be quite different from what it is now.
At that time we’ll live in a greener and more beautiful world with trees, birds, blue skies and sunshine. And well be able to arrange things like meals, bathing and sleep with our smart phones. Robots will be able to do most of the housework for us. As for work, well mostly work at home, communicating ideas for work online. If necessary, well have video meetings with our partners around the world. During our free time, well be able to travel to places of interest in new vehicles like flying cars. Well even enjoy space trips to the moon and other planets.
All in all, our life will become more comfortable and convenient.
3. 科学技术【题目要求】
最近，你班同学就“太空探索是否值得”这一话题展开了一场讨论。请你根据下列提供的信息，用英语写一篇短文介绍讨论的情况。
30%的同学认为太空探索不值得，70%的同学认为值得探索。
【优秀范文】
Recently, students in our class have had a discussion on whether space is worth exploring.
30% of us thinkspace exploration is not worthwhile. They think space is too far away from us and our daily life. And the money spent on space exploration can be used to solve the earth’s problems such as starvation and pollution.
On the other hand, 70% thinkspace is worth exploring because we have benefited a lot from it, such as using satellites for communication and weather forecast. What’s more, with further space research, we may solve the population problem by moving to other planets one day. Also, space research will enable us to find new sources to solve the problem of energy shortages on the earth.
4. 人工智能【题目要求】
计算机科学的未来趋势是人工智能的一种，它是人类思维的研究和仿真，最终能够使人喜欢思考，为人类服务，帮助人们解决问题。随着科技越来越与人类生活相结合，随处可见的人工智能，让生活越来越便利的同时也带来许多的困惑，按要求完成一篇作文。内容包括：
1. 描述或畅想未来人工智能的发展状况
2. 分析这种现象产生的原因
3. 陈述利弊以及表明个人态度
【优秀范文】
Future trends in computer science is one of the artificial intelligence，It is the research and artificial simulation of human thought and eventually be able to make a human like to think the same machine.For human services and to help people solve problems.
After all, people thought it was unique, there are feelings, there are a variety of character, this will be very difficult to achieve in the machine.In fact, to do the same as the human thinking machine, the only one of the artificial intelligence, is by no means all. Through the study of artificial intelligence, can resolve all kinds of scientific problems, and promote the development of other science, the artificial intelligence is the best!
I believe that the science of artificial intelligence is waiting for humanity to explore it step by step the real connotation.
★6：社会主义核心价值观★1.精准扶贫1.精准扶贫
高考，是国家选拔人才的一种重要方式，说它受到举世瞩目亦不为过。关心国事是一名合格人才的重要特征。因此，对精准扶贫这一热点政策的考查亦有可能。听上去难写，写起来不一定难哦，一起来看以下预测英语作文吧！
【题目要求】
假如你是李华Li Hua，你的英国朋友Peter给你发来微信，想了解一下你的家乡自“十九大(the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China)”以来所发生的变化，请你用英文给他回复。
内容如下：1. 精准扶贫(targeted poverty reduction)，效果良好；
2. 环境保护得到了明显改善。
注意：1. 词数100 左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【优秀范文】
Dear Peter,
I’m glad that you are caring about the development of my hometown. Now I will tell you something about it.
Great changes have taken place since the19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The targeted poverty reduction has reached its ideal aims. Many poor families have got effective help from local government and have improved their life greatly. Many old houses are replaced by new tall buildings which are surrounded with green trees and colourful flowers. The rivers that had been polluted seriously before are getting clearer and clearer. Besides, all kinds of fishes return the rivers. The sky is filled with white and cleaner clouds.
Please come to visit my hometown in the near future.
Yours
Li Hua
2.家乡变化【题目要求】
2023年是改革开放40周年，假设你是育才中学的李华，代表学校参加改革开放40周年的演讲比赛，请你简要介绍你所在的乡村改革开放后发生的变化。
1.介绍你所在的乡村改革开放前后的对比。
2.感恩党，祝愿家乡更美好。
【优秀范文】
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, I am Li Hua, from Yucai Middle School. It is a great honor for me, on behalf of our school, to deliver a speech about the changes of our village to you.
Our village is a small one with nearly 100 famrilfes and a bout500 people. It used to be very dirty and its people led a poor life . However, great changes have taken place since 1978 when the reform and opening-up policy was carried out. Now it is taking on a new look. Piles of tall buildings stand beside the clean streets and the people here enjoy acomfortable life.
In the past, many people did not have enough money to feed their family, let alone went to school. But now, not only can we study in theclear and clean classrooms. but we receive free compulsory education.Thanks to the Chinese Communist Party, without which, our life wont become better and better. May our hometown more and more beautiful.
3.雷锋精神针对雷锋精神话题，选择以这个作文为案例的原因在于它所用时态是一般过去时。纵观近两年高考英语写作，考查时态集中于一般现在时和一般将来时，鲜少见一般过去时，今年可能就会考到哦，所以对于一般过去时的书信作文还是要多加注意和复习的！
【写作要求】
假定你是高三学生李华，为了弘扬雷锋精神，你校在3月5日学雷锋纪念日举办了一次去敬老院慰问老人的活动，请你写封邮件给你的美国笔友Karen,介绍此次活动的有关情况。
(1)向老人赠送礼物(如鲜花等)；
(2)为老人提供服务(如清洁等)；
(3)为老人表演节目(如唱歌等)。
词汇：弘扬雷锋精神 carry forward the Spirit of Lei Feng
敬老院 nursing home 学雷锋日 Learn from Lei Feng Day
【优秀范文】
Dear Karen,
I’m more than delighted to inform you of a meaningful activity in a nursing home held on March 5th, which is called "Learn from Lei Feng Day, to carry forward the Spirit of Lei Feng.
A variety of significant activities were arranged as follows: when we got there, we visited the elderly in their rooms in groups, presenting them with flowers and self-made cards to show our sincere love and respect, after which we did some cleaning and washing for them. Besides, we chatted with them about their old days, or anything they are interested in. Some vivid performances such as singing and dancing were also given to them, making them full of delight.
It was through this activity that we fully realized that the awareness of respecting the old should be raised. I hope we can have more activities of this kind!
Yours,
Li Hua
